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<div class="section" id="sqlalchemy-in-flask">
<span id="sqlalchemy-pattern"></span><h1>SQLAlchemy in Flask<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy-in-flask" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Many people prefer <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a> for database access. In this case it’s
encouraged to use a package instead of a module for your flask application
and drop the models into a separate module (<a class="reference internal" href="packages.html#larger-applications"><em>Larger Applications</em></a>).
While that is not necessary, it makes a lot of sense.</p>
<p>There are four very common ways to use SQLAlchemy. I will outline each
of them here:</p>
<div class="section" id="flask-sqlalchemy-extension">
<h2>Flask-SQLAlchemy Extension<a class="headerlink" href="#flask-sqlalchemy-extension" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Because SQLAlchemy is a common database abstraction layer and object
relational mapper that requires a little bit of configuration effort,
there is a Flask extension that handles that for you. This is recommended
if you want to get started quickly.</p>
<p>You can download <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/Flask-SQLAlchemy/">Flask-SQLAlchemy</a> from <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Flask-SQLAlchemy">PyPI</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="declarative">
<h2>Declarative<a class="headerlink" href="#declarative" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The declarative extension in SQLAlchemy is the most recent method of using
SQLAlchemy. It allows you to define tables and models in one go, similar
to how Django works. In addition to the following text I recommend the
official documentation on the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/orm/extensions/declarative.html">declarative</a> extension.</p>
<p>Here the example <cite>database.py</cite> module for your application:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_engine</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.orm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">scoped_session</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.ext.declarative</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span>
<span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sqlite:////tmp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">convert_unicode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">db_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">scoped_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sessionmaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">autocommit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">autoflush</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">Base</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">db_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query_property</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">init_db</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="c"># import all modules here that might define models so that</span>
<span class="c"># they will be registered properly on the metadata. Otherwise</span>
<span class="c"># you will have to import them first before calling init_db()</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.models</span>
<span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To define your models, just subclass the <cite>Base</cite> class that was created by
the code above. If you are wondering why we don’t have to care about
threads here (like we did in the SQLite3 example above with the
<a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.g" title="flask.g"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt></a> object): that’s because SQLAlchemy does that for us
already with the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">scoped_session</span></tt>.</p>
<p>To use SQLAlchemy in a declarative way with your application, you just
have to put the following code into your application module. Flask will
automatically remove database sessions at the end of the request for you:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.database</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">db_session</span>
<span class="nd">@app.teardown_request</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">shutdown_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exception</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">db_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here is an example model (put this into <cite>models.py</cite>, e.g.):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">String</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.database</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Base</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'users'</span>
<span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">email</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'<User </span><span class="si">%r</span><span class="s">>'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To create the database you can use the <cite>init_db</cite> function:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.database</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">init_db</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">init_db</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can insert entries into the database like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.database</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">db_session</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">u</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'admin'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'admin@localhost'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Querying is simple as well:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">[<User u'admin'>]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'admin'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"><User u'admin'></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="manual-object-relational-mapping">
<h2>Manual Object Relational Mapping<a class="headerlink" href="#manual-object-relational-mapping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Manual object relational mapping has a few upsides and a few downsides
versus the declarative approach from above. The main difference is that
you define tables and classes separately and map them together. It’s more
flexible but a little more to type. In general it works like the
declarative approach, so make sure to also split up your application into
multiple modules in a package.</p>
<p>Here is an example <cite>database.py</cite> module for your application:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MetaData</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.orm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">scoped_session</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span>
<span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sqlite:////tmp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">convert_unicode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MetaData</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">db_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">scoped_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sessionmaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">autocommit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">autoflush</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">init_db</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As for the declarative approach you need to close the session after
each request. Put this into your application module:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.database</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">db_session</span>
<span class="nd">@app.teardown_request</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">shutdown_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exception</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">db_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here is an example table and model (put this into <cite>models.py</cite>):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Table</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">String</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.orm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">mapper</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">yourapplication.database</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">metadata</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">db_session</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">db_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query_property</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">email</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'<User </span><span class="si">%r</span><span class="s">>'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">email</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'users'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">metadata</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'id'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'email'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">mapper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Querying and inserting works exactly the same as in the example above.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="sql-abstraction-layer">
<h2>SQL Abstraction Layer<a class="headerlink" href="#sql-abstraction-layer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you just want to use the database system (and SQL) abstraction layer
you basically only need the engine:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MetaData</span>
<span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sqlite:////tmp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">convert_unicode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MetaData</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then you can either declare the tables in your code like in the examples
above, or automatically load them:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'users'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">metadata</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autoload</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To insert data you can use the <cite>insert</cite> method. We have to get a
connection first so that we can use a transaction:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">users</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'admin'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'admin@localhost'</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>SQLAlchemy will automatically commit for us.</p>
<p>To query your database, you use the engine directly or use a connection:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">users</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">users</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(1, u'admin', u'admin@localhost')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These results are also dict-like tuples:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">users</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'name'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">u'admin'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also pass strings of SQL statements to the
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/core/connections.html#sqlalchemy.engine.base.Connection.execute" title="(in SQLAlchemy v0.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">execute()</span></tt></a> method:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'select * from users where id = :1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(1, u'admin', u'admin@localhost')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For more information about SQLAlchemy, head over to the
<a class="reference external" href="http://sqlalchemy.org/">website</a>.</p>
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