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  <div class="section" id="pluggable-views">
<span id="views"></span><h1>Pluggable Views<a class="headerlink" href="#pluggable-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.7.</span></p>
<p>Flask 0.7 introduces pluggable views inspired by the generic views from
Django which are based on classes instead of functions.  The main
intention is that you can replace parts of the implementations and this
way have customizable pluggable views.</p>
<div class="section" id="basic-principle">
<h2>Basic Principle<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-principle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Consider you have a function that loads a list of objects from the
database and renders into a template:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@app.route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/users/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">show_users</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">page</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;users.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is simple and flexible, but if you want to provide this view in a
generic fashion that can be adapted to other models and templates as well
you might want more flexibility.  This is where pluggable class based
views come into place.  As the first step to convert this into a class
based view you would do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">flask.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">View</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ShowUsers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">View</span><span class="p">):</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dispatch_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;users.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/users/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ShowUsers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;show_users&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As you can see what you have to do is to create a subclass of
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View" title="flask.views.View"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask.views.View</span></tt></a> and implement
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.dispatch_request" title="flask.views.View.dispatch_request"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">dispatch_request()</span></tt></a>.  Then we have to convert that
class into an actual view function by using the
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.as_view" title="flask.views.View.as_view"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">as_view()</span></tt></a> class method.  The string you pass to
that function is the name of the endpoint that view will then have.  But
this by itself is not helpful, so let&#8217;s refactor the code a bit:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">flask.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">View</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ListView</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">View</span><span class="p">):</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_template_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template_name</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dispatch_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;objects&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_objects</span><span class="p">()}</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserView</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ListView</span><span class="p">):</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_template_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;users.html&#39;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_objects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This of course is not that helpful for such a small example, but it&#8217;s good
enough to explain the basic principle.  When you have a class based view
the question comes up what <cite>self</cite> points to.  The way this works is that
whenever the request is dispatched a new instance of the class is created
and the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.dispatch_request" title="flask.views.View.dispatch_request"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">dispatch_request()</span></tt></a> method is called with
the parameters from the URL rule.  The class itself is instanciated with
the parameters passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.as_view" title="flask.views.View.as_view"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">as_view()</span></tt></a> function.
For instance you can write a class like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">RenderTemplateView</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">View</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">template_name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">template_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">template_name</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dispatch_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">template_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And then you can register it like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/about&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RenderTemplateView</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_view</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="s">&#39;about_page&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">template_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;about.html&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="method-hints">
<h2>Method Hints<a class="headerlink" href="#method-hints" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Pluggable views are attached to the application like a regular function by
either using <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.route" title="flask.Flask.route"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">route()</span></tt></a> or better
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.add_url_rule" title="flask.Flask.add_url_rule"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_url_rule()</span></tt></a>.  That however also means that you would
have to provide the names of the HTTP methods the view supports when you
attach this.  In order to move that information to the class you can
provide a <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.methods" title="flask.views.View.methods"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">methods</span></tt></a> attribute that has this
information:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyView</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">View</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">methods</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dispatch_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="o">...</span>
        <span class="o">...</span>

<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/myview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">MyView</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myview&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="method-based-dispatching">
<h2>Method Based Dispatching<a class="headerlink" href="#method-based-dispatching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>For RESTful APIs it&#8217;s especially helpful to execute a different function
for each HTTP method.  With the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.MethodView" title="flask.views.MethodView"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask.views.MethodView</span></tt></a> you can
easily do that.  Each HTTP method maps to a function with the same name
(just in lowercase):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">flask.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MethodView</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserAPI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MethodView</span><span class="p">):</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="o">...</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_form_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="o">...</span>

<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/users/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">UserAPI</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;users&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>That way you also don&#8217;t have to provide the
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.methods" title="flask.views.View.methods"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">methods</span></tt></a> attribute.  It&#8217;s automatically set based
on the methods defined in the class.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="decorating-views">
<h2>Decorating Views<a class="headerlink" href="#decorating-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Since the view class itself is not the view function that is added to the
routing system it does not make much sense to decorate the class itself.
Instead you either have to decorate the return value of
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.as_view" title="flask.views.View.as_view"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">as_view()</span></tt></a> by hand:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">view</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rate_limited</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">UserAPI</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;users&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/users/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Starting with Flask 0.8 there is also an alternative way where you can
specify a list of decorators to apply in the class declaration:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserAPI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MethodView</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">decorators</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">rate_limited</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Due to the implicit self from the caller&#8217;s perspective you cannot use
regular view decorators on the individual methods of the view however,
keep this in mind.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="method-views-for-apis">
<h2>Method Views for APIs<a class="headerlink" href="#method-views-for-apis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Web APIs are often working very closely with HTTP verbs so it makes a lot
of sense to implement such an API based on the
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.MethodView" title="flask.views.MethodView"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MethodView</span></tt></a>.  That said, you will notice that the API
will require different URL rules that go to the same method view most of
the time.  For instance consider that you are exposing a user object on
the web:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="22%" />
<col width="22%" />
<col width="56%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-odd"><td>URL</td>
<td>Method</td>
<td>Description</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/users/</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></tt></td>
<td>Gives a list of all users</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/users/</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">POST</span></tt></td>
<td>Creates a new user</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/users/&lt;id&gt;</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></tt></td>
<td>Shows a single user</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/users/&lt;id&gt;</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PUT</span></tt></td>
<td>Updates a single user</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/users/&lt;id&gt;</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></tt></td>
<td>Deletes a single user</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>So how would you go about doing that with the
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.MethodView" title="flask.views.MethodView"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MethodView</span></tt></a>?  The trick is to take advantage of the
fact that you can provide multiple rules to the same view.</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s assume for the moment the view would look like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserAPI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MethodView</span><span class="p">):</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user_id</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">user_id</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="c"># return a list of users</span>
            <span class="k">pass</span>
        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="c"># expose a single user</span>
            <span class="k">pass</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="c"># create a new user</span>
        <span class="k">pass</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user_id</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="c"># delete a single user</span>
        <span class="k">pass</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">put</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user_id</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="c"># update a single user</span>
        <span class="k">pass</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>So how do we hook this up with the routing system?  By adding two rules
and explicitly mentioning the methods for each:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">user_view</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">UserAPI</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;user_api&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/users/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;user_id&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">},</span>
                 <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">user_view</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">methods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/users/&lt;int:user_id&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">user_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
                 <span class="n">methods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;PUT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;DELETE&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you have a lot of APIs that look similar you can refactor that
registration code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">register_api</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">endpoint</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;int&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">view_func</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">view</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">endpoint</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">},</span>
                     <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">view_func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">methods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
    <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_url_rule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&lt;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">:</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&gt;&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">view_func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">view_func</span><span class="p">,</span>
                     <span class="n">methods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;PUT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;DELETE&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>

<span class="n">register_api</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">UserAPI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;user_api&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/users/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;user_id&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Pluggable Views</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-principle">Basic Principle</a></li>
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