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Diffstat (limited to 'path.py')
| -rwxr-xr-x | path.py | 971 |
1 files changed, 971 insertions, 0 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@ +""" path.py - An object representing a path to a file or directory. + +Example: + +from path import path +d = path('/home/guido/bin') +for f in d.files('*.py'): + f.chmod(0755) + +This module requires Python 2.2 or later. + + +URL: http://www.jorendorff.com/articles/python/path +Author: Jason Orendorff <jason.orendorff\x40gmail\x2ecom> (and others - see the url!) +Date: 9 Mar 2007 +""" + + +# TODO +# - Tree-walking functions don't avoid symlink loops. Matt Harrison +# sent me a patch for this. +# - Bug in write_text(). It doesn't support Universal newline mode. +# - Better error message in listdir() when self isn't a +# directory. (On Windows, the error message really sucks.) +# - Make sure everything has a good docstring. +# - Add methods for regex find and replace. +# - guess_content_type() method? +# - Perhaps support arguments to touch(). + +from __future__ import generators + +import sys, warnings, os, fnmatch, glob, shutil, codecs, md5 + +__version__ = '2.2' +__all__ = ['path'] + +# Platform-specific support for path.owner +if os.name == 'nt': + try: + import win32security + except ImportError: + win32security = None +else: + try: + import pwd + except ImportError: + pwd = None + +# Pre-2.3 support. Are unicode filenames supported? +_base = str +_getcwd = os.getcwd +try: + if os.path.supports_unicode_filenames: + _base = unicode + _getcwd = os.getcwdu +except AttributeError: + pass + +# Pre-2.3 workaround for booleans +try: + True, False +except NameError: + True, False = 1, 0 + +# Pre-2.3 workaround for basestring. +try: + basestring +except NameError: + basestring = (str, unicode) + +# Universal newline support +_textmode = 'r' +if hasattr(file, 'newlines'): + _textmode = 'U' + + +class TreeWalkWarning(Warning): + pass + +class path(_base): + """ Represents a filesystem path. + + For documentation on individual methods, consult their + counterparts in os.path. + """ + + # --- Special Python methods. + + def __repr__(self): + return 'path(%s)' % _base.__repr__(self) + + # Adding a path and a string yields a path. + def __add__(self, more): + try: + resultStr = _base.__add__(self, more) + except TypeError: #Python bug + resultStr = NotImplemented + if resultStr is NotImplemented: + return resultStr + return self.__class__(resultStr) + + def __radd__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, basestring): + return self.__class__(other.__add__(self)) + else: + return NotImplemented + + # The / operator joins paths. + def __div__(self, rel): + """ fp.__div__(rel) == fp / rel == fp.joinpath(rel) + + Join two path components, adding a separator character if + needed. + """ + return self.__class__(os.path.join(self, rel)) + + # Make the / operator work even when true division is enabled. + __truediv__ = __div__ + + def getcwd(cls): + """ Return the current working directory as a path object. """ + return cls(_getcwd()) + getcwd = classmethod(getcwd) + + + # --- Operations on path strings. + + isabs = os.path.isabs + def abspath(self): return self.__class__(os.path.abspath(self)) + def normcase(self): return self.__class__(os.path.normcase(self)) + def normpath(self): return self.__class__(os.path.normpath(self)) + def realpath(self): return self.__class__(os.path.realpath(self)) + def expanduser(self): return self.__class__(os.path.expanduser(self)) + def expandvars(self): return self.__class__(os.path.expandvars(self)) + def dirname(self): return self.__class__(os.path.dirname(self)) + basename = os.path.basename + + def expand(self): + """ Clean up a filename by calling expandvars(), + expanduser(), and normpath() on it. + + This is commonly everything needed to clean up a filename + read from a configuration file, for example. + """ + return self.expandvars().expanduser().normpath() + + def _get_namebase(self): + base, ext = os.path.splitext(self.name) + return base + + def _get_ext(self): + f, ext = os.path.splitext(_base(self)) + return ext + + def _get_drive(self): + drive, r = os.path.splitdrive(self) + return self.__class__(drive) + + parent = property( + dirname, None, None, + """ This path's parent directory, as a new path object. + + For example, path('/usr/local/lib/libpython.so').parent == path('/usr/local/lib') + """) + + name = property( + basename, None, None, + """ The name of this file or directory without the full path. + + For example, path('/usr/local/lib/libpython.so').name == 'libpython.so' + """) + + namebase = property( + _get_namebase, None, None, + """ The same as path.name, but with one file extension stripped off. + + For example, path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').name == 'python.tar.gz', + but path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').namebase == 'python.tar' + """) + + ext = property( + _get_ext, None, None, + """ The file extension, for example '.py'. """) + + drive = property( + _get_drive, None, None, + """ The drive specifier, for example 'C:'. + This is always empty on systems that don't use drive specifiers. + """) + + def splitpath(self): + """ p.splitpath() -> Return (p.parent, p.name). """ + parent, child = os.path.split(self) + return self.__class__(parent), child + + def splitdrive(self): + """ p.splitdrive() -> Return (p.drive, <the rest of p>). + + Split the drive specifier from this path. If there is + no drive specifier, p.drive is empty, so the return value + is simply (path(''), p). This is always the case on Unix. + """ + drive, rel = os.path.splitdrive(self) + return self.__class__(drive), rel + + def splitext(self): + """ p.splitext() -> Return (p.stripext(), p.ext). + + Split the filename extension from this path and return + the two parts. Either part may be empty. + + The extension is everything from '.' to the end of the + last path segment. This has the property that if + (a, b) == p.splitext(), then a + b == p. + """ + filename, ext = os.path.splitext(self) + return self.__class__(filename), ext + + def stripext(self): + """ p.stripext() -> Remove one file extension from the path. + + For example, path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').stripext() + returns path('/home/guido/python.tar'). + """ + return self.splitext()[0] + + if hasattr(os.path, 'splitunc'): + def splitunc(self): + unc, rest = os.path.splitunc(self) + return self.__class__(unc), rest + + def _get_uncshare(self): + unc, r = os.path.splitunc(self) + return self.__class__(unc) + + uncshare = property( + _get_uncshare, None, None, + """ The UNC mount point for this path. + This is empty for paths on local drives. """) + + def joinpath(self, *args): + """ Join two or more path components, adding a separator + character (os.sep) if needed. Returns a new path + object. + """ + return self.__class__(os.path.join(self, *args)) + + def splitall(self): + r""" Return a list of the path components in this path. + + The first item in the list will be a path. Its value will be + either os.curdir, os.pardir, empty, or the root directory of + this path (for example, '/' or 'C:\\'). The other items in + the list will be strings. + + path.path.joinpath(*result) will yield the original path. + """ + parts = [] + loc = self + while loc != os.curdir and loc != os.pardir: + prev = loc + loc, child = prev.splitpath() + if loc == prev: + break + parts.append(child) + parts.append(loc) + parts.reverse() + return parts + + def relpath(self): + """ Return this path as a relative path, + based from the current working directory. + """ + cwd = self.__class__(os.getcwd()) + return cwd.relpathto(self) + + def relpathto(self, dest): + """ Return a relative path from self to dest. + + If there is no relative path from self to dest, for example if + they reside on different drives in Windows, then this returns + dest.abspath(). + """ + origin = self.abspath() + dest = self.__class__(dest).abspath() + + orig_list = origin.normcase().splitall() + # Don't normcase dest! We want to preserve the case. + dest_list = dest.splitall() + + if orig_list[0] != os.path.normcase(dest_list[0]): + # Can't get here from there. + return dest + + # Find the location where the two paths start to differ. + i = 0 + for start_seg, dest_seg in zip(orig_list, dest_list): + if start_seg != os.path.normcase(dest_seg): + break + i += 1 + + # Now i is the point where the two paths diverge. + # Need a certain number of "os.pardir"s to work up + # from the origin to the point of divergence. + segments = [os.pardir] * (len(orig_list) - i) + # Need to add the diverging part of dest_list. + segments += dest_list[i:] + if len(segments) == 0: + # If they happen to be identical, use os.curdir. + relpath = os.curdir + else: + relpath = os.path.join(*segments) + return self.__class__(relpath) + + # --- Listing, searching, walking, and matching + + def listdir(self, pattern=None): + """ D.listdir() -> List of items in this directory. + + Use D.files() or D.dirs() instead if you want a listing + of just files or just subdirectories. + + The elements of the list are path objects. + + With the optional 'pattern' argument, this only lists + items whose names match the given pattern. + """ + names = os.listdir(self) + if pattern is not None: + names = fnmatch.filter(names, pattern) + return [self / child for child in names] + + def dirs(self, pattern=None): + """ D.dirs() -> List of this directory's subdirectories. + + The elements of the list are path objects. + This does not walk recursively into subdirectories + (but see path.walkdirs). + + With the optional 'pattern' argument, this only lists + directories whose names match the given pattern. For + example, d.dirs('build-*'). + """ + return [p for p in self.listdir(pattern) if p.isdir()] + + def files(self, pattern=None): + """ D.files() -> List of the files in this directory. + + The elements of the list are path objects. + This does not walk into subdirectories (see path.walkfiles). + + With the optional 'pattern' argument, this only lists files + whose names match the given pattern. For example, + d.files('*.pyc'). + """ + + return [p for p in self.listdir(pattern) if p.isfile()] + + def walk(self, pattern=None, errors='strict'): + """ D.walk() -> iterator over files and subdirs, recursively. + + The iterator yields path objects naming each child item of + this directory and its descendants. This requires that + D.isdir(). + + This performs a depth-first traversal of the directory tree. + Each directory is returned just before all its children. + + The errors= keyword argument controls behavior when an + error occurs. The default is 'strict', which causes an + exception. The other allowed values are 'warn', which + reports the error via warnings.warn(), and 'ignore'. + """ + if errors not in ('strict', 'warn', 'ignore'): + raise ValueError("invalid errors parameter") + + try: + childList = self.listdir() + except Exception: + if errors == 'ignore': + return + elif errors == 'warn': + warnings.warn( + "Unable to list directory '%s': %s" + % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]), + TreeWalkWarning) + return + else: + raise + + for child in childList: + if pattern is None or child.fnmatch(pattern): + yield child + try: + isdir = child.isdir() + except Exception: + if errors == 'ignore': + isdir = False + elif errors == 'warn': + warnings.warn( + "Unable to access '%s': %s" + % (child, sys.exc_info()[1]), + TreeWalkWarning) + isdir = False + else: + raise + + if isdir: + for item in child.walk(pattern, errors): + yield item + + def walkdirs(self, pattern=None, errors='strict'): + """ D.walkdirs() -> iterator over subdirs, recursively. + + With the optional 'pattern' argument, this yields only + directories whose names match the given pattern. For + example, mydir.walkdirs('*test') yields only directories + with names ending in 'test'. + + The errors= keyword argument controls behavior when an + error occurs. The default is 'strict', which causes an + exception. The other allowed values are 'warn', which + reports the error via warnings.warn(), and 'ignore'. + """ + if errors not in ('strict', 'warn', 'ignore'): + raise ValueError("invalid errors parameter") + + try: + dirs = self.dirs() + except Exception: + if errors == 'ignore': + return + elif errors == 'warn': + warnings.warn( + "Unable to list directory '%s': %s" + % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]), + TreeWalkWarning) + return + else: + raise + + for child in dirs: + if pattern is None or child.fnmatch(pattern): + yield child + for subsubdir in child.walkdirs(pattern, errors): + yield subsubdir + + def walkfiles(self, pattern=None, errors='strict'): + """ D.walkfiles() -> iterator over files in D, recursively. + + The optional argument, pattern, limits the results to files + with names that match the pattern. For example, + mydir.walkfiles('*.tmp') yields only files with the .tmp + extension. + """ + if errors not in ('strict', 'warn', 'ignore'): + raise ValueError("invalid errors parameter") + + try: + childList = self.listdir() + except Exception: + if errors == 'ignore': + return + elif errors == 'warn': + warnings.warn( + "Unable to list directory '%s': %s" + % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]), + TreeWalkWarning) + return + else: + raise + + for child in childList: + try: + isfile = child.isfile() + isdir = not isfile and child.isdir() + except: + if errors == 'ignore': + continue + elif errors == 'warn': + warnings.warn( + "Unable to access '%s': %s" + % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]), + TreeWalkWarning) + continue + else: + raise + + if isfile: + if pattern is None or child.fnmatch(pattern): + yield child + elif isdir: + for f in child.walkfiles(pattern, errors): + yield f + + def fnmatch(self, pattern): + """ Return True if self.name matches the given pattern. + + pattern - A filename pattern with wildcards, + for example '*.py'. + """ + return fnmatch.fnmatch(self.name, pattern) + + def glob(self, pattern): + """ Return a list of path objects that match the pattern. + + pattern - a path relative to this directory, with wildcards. + + For example, path('/users').glob('*/bin/*') returns a list + of all the files users have in their bin directories. + """ + cls = self.__class__ + return [cls(s) for s in glob.glob(_base(self / pattern))] + + + # --- Reading or writing an entire file at once. + + def open(self, mode='r'): + """ Open this file. Return a file object. """ + return file(self, mode) + + def bytes(self): + """ Open this file, read all bytes, return them as a string. """ + f = self.open('rb') + try: + return f.read() + finally: + f.close() + + def write_bytes(self, bytes, append=False): + """ Open this file and write the given bytes to it. + + Default behavior is to overwrite any existing file. + Call p.write_bytes(bytes, append=True) to append instead. + """ + if append: + mode = 'ab' + else: + mode = 'wb' + f = self.open(mode) + try: + f.write(bytes) + finally: + f.close() + + def text(self, encoding=None, errors='strict'): + r""" Open this file, read it in, return the content as a string. + + This uses 'U' mode in Python 2.3 and later, so '\r\n' and '\r' + are automatically translated to '\n'. + + Optional arguments: + + encoding - The Unicode encoding (or character set) of + the file. If present, the content of the file is + decoded and returned as a unicode object; otherwise + it is returned as an 8-bit str. + errors - How to handle Unicode errors; see help(str.decode) + for the options. Default is 'strict'. + """ + if encoding is None: + # 8-bit + f = self.open(_textmode) + try: + return f.read() + finally: + f.close() + else: + # Unicode + f = codecs.open(self, 'r', encoding, errors) + # (Note - Can't use 'U' mode here, since codecs.open + # doesn't support 'U' mode, even in Python 2.3.) + try: + t = f.read() + finally: + f.close() + return (t.replace(u'\r\n', u'\n') + .replace(u'\r\x85', u'\n') + .replace(u'\r', u'\n') + .replace(u'\x85', u'\n') + .replace(u'\u2028', u'\n')) + + def write_text(self, text, encoding=None, errors='strict', linesep=os.linesep, append=False): + r""" Write the given text to this file. + + The default behavior is to overwrite any existing file; + to append instead, use the 'append=True' keyword argument. + + There are two differences between path.write_text() and + path.write_bytes(): newline handling and Unicode handling. + See below. + + Parameters: + + - text - str/unicode - The text to be written. + + - encoding - str - The Unicode encoding that will be used. + This is ignored if 'text' isn't a Unicode string. + + - errors - str - How to handle Unicode encoding errors. + Default is 'strict'. See help(unicode.encode) for the + options. This is ignored if 'text' isn't a Unicode + string. + + - linesep - keyword argument - str/unicode - The sequence of + characters to be used to mark end-of-line. The default is + os.linesep. You can also specify None; this means to + leave all newlines as they are in 'text'. + + - append - keyword argument - bool - Specifies what to do if + the file already exists (True: append to the end of it; + False: overwrite it.) The default is False. + + + --- Newline handling. + + write_text() converts all standard end-of-line sequences + ('\n', '\r', and '\r\n') to your platform's default end-of-line + sequence (see os.linesep; on Windows, for example, the + end-of-line marker is '\r\n'). + + If you don't like your platform's default, you can override it + using the 'linesep=' keyword argument. If you specifically want + write_text() to preserve the newlines as-is, use 'linesep=None'. + + This applies to Unicode text the same as to 8-bit text, except + there are three additional standard Unicode end-of-line sequences: + u'\x85', u'\r\x85', and u'\u2028'. + + (This is slightly different from when you open a file for + writing with fopen(filename, "w") in C or file(filename, 'w') + in Python.) + + + --- Unicode + + If 'text' isn't Unicode, then apart from newline handling, the + bytes are written verbatim to the file. The 'encoding' and + 'errors' arguments are not used and must be omitted. + + If 'text' is Unicode, it is first converted to bytes using the + specified 'encoding' (or the default encoding if 'encoding' + isn't specified). The 'errors' argument applies only to this + conversion. + + """ + if isinstance(text, unicode): + if linesep is not None: + # Convert all standard end-of-line sequences to + # ordinary newline characters. + text = (text.replace(u'\r\n', u'\n') + .replace(u'\r\x85', u'\n') + .replace(u'\r', u'\n') + .replace(u'\x85', u'\n') + .replace(u'\u2028', u'\n')) + text = text.replace(u'\n', linesep) + if encoding is None: + encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding() + bytes = text.encode(encoding, errors) + else: + # It is an error to specify an encoding if 'text' is + # an 8-bit string. + assert encoding is None + + if linesep is not None: + text = (text.replace('\r\n', '\n') + .replace('\r', '\n')) + bytes = text.replace('\n', linesep) + + self.write_bytes(bytes, append) + + def lines(self, encoding=None, errors='strict', retain=True): + r""" Open this file, read all lines, return them in a list. + + Optional arguments: + encoding - The Unicode encoding (or character set) of + the file. The default is None, meaning the content + of the file is read as 8-bit characters and returned + as a list of (non-Unicode) str objects. + errors - How to handle Unicode errors; see help(str.decode) + for the options. Default is 'strict' + retain - If true, retain newline characters; but all newline + character combinations ('\r', '\n', '\r\n') are + translated to '\n'. If false, newline characters are + stripped off. Default is True. + + This uses 'U' mode in Python 2.3 and later. + """ + if encoding is None and retain: + f = self.open(_textmode) + try: + return f.readlines() + finally: + f.close() + else: + return self.text(encoding, errors).splitlines(retain) + + def write_lines(self, lines, encoding=None, errors='strict', + linesep=os.linesep, append=False): + r""" Write the given lines of text to this file. + + By default this overwrites any existing file at this path. + + This puts a platform-specific newline sequence on every line. + See 'linesep' below. + + lines - A list of strings. + + encoding - A Unicode encoding to use. This applies only if + 'lines' contains any Unicode strings. + + errors - How to handle errors in Unicode encoding. This + also applies only to Unicode strings. + + linesep - The desired line-ending. This line-ending is + applied to every line. If a line already has any + standard line ending ('\r', '\n', '\r\n', u'\x85', + u'\r\x85', u'\u2028'), that will be stripped off and + this will be used instead. The default is os.linesep, + which is platform-dependent ('\r\n' on Windows, '\n' on + Unix, etc.) Specify None to write the lines as-is, + like file.writelines(). + + Use the keyword argument append=True to append lines to the + file. The default is to overwrite the file. Warning: + When you use this with Unicode data, if the encoding of the + existing data in the file is different from the encoding + you specify with the encoding= parameter, the result is + mixed-encoding data, which can really confuse someone trying + to read the file later. + """ + if append: + mode = 'ab' + else: + mode = 'wb' + f = self.open(mode) + try: + for line in lines: + isUnicode = isinstance(line, unicode) + if linesep is not None: + # Strip off any existing line-end and add the + # specified linesep string. + if isUnicode: + if line[-2:] in (u'\r\n', u'\x0d\x85'): + line = line[:-2] + elif line[-1:] in (u'\r', u'\n', + u'\x85', u'\u2028'): + line = line[:-1] + else: + if line[-2:] == '\r\n': + line = line[:-2] + elif line[-1:] in ('\r', '\n'): + line = line[:-1] + line += linesep + if isUnicode: + if encoding is None: + encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding() + line = line.encode(encoding, errors) + f.write(line) + finally: + f.close() + + def read_md5(self): + """ Calculate the md5 hash for this file. + + This reads through the entire file. + """ + f = self.open('rb') + try: + m = md5.new() + while True: + d = f.read(8192) + if not d: + break + m.update(d) + finally: + f.close() + return m.digest() + + # --- Methods for querying the filesystem. + + exists = os.path.exists + isdir = os.path.isdir + isfile = os.path.isfile + islink = os.path.islink + ismount = os.path.ismount + + if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'): + samefile = os.path.samefile + + getatime = os.path.getatime + atime = property( + getatime, None, None, + """ Last access time of the file. """) + + getmtime = os.path.getmtime + mtime = property( + getmtime, None, None, + """ Last-modified time of the file. """) + + if hasattr(os.path, 'getctime'): + getctime = os.path.getctime + ctime = property( + getctime, None, None, + """ Creation time of the file. """) + + getsize = os.path.getsize + size = property( + getsize, None, None, + """ Size of the file, in bytes. """) + + if hasattr(os, 'access'): + def access(self, mode): + """ Return true if current user has access to this path. + + mode - One of the constants os.F_OK, os.R_OK, os.W_OK, os.X_OK + """ + return os.access(self, mode) + + def stat(self): + """ Perform a stat() system call on this path. """ + return os.stat(self) + + def lstat(self): + """ Like path.stat(), but do not follow symbolic links. """ + return os.lstat(self) + + def get_owner(self): + r""" Return the name of the owner of this file or directory. + + This follows symbolic links. + + On Windows, this returns a name of the form ur'DOMAIN\User Name'. + On Windows, a group can own a file or directory. + """ + if os.name == 'nt': + if win32security is None: + raise Exception("path.owner requires win32all to be installed") + desc = win32security.GetFileSecurity( + self, win32security.OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION) + sid = desc.GetSecurityDescriptorOwner() + account, domain, typecode = win32security.LookupAccountSid(None, sid) + return domain + u'\\' + account + else: + if pwd is None: + raise NotImplementedError("path.owner is not implemented on this platform.") + st = self.stat() + return pwd.getpwuid(st.st_uid).pw_name + + owner = property( + get_owner, None, None, + """ Name of the owner of this file or directory. """) + + if hasattr(os, 'statvfs'): + def statvfs(self): + """ Perform a statvfs() system call on this path. """ + return os.statvfs(self) + + if hasattr(os, 'pathconf'): + def pathconf(self, name): + return os.pathconf(self, name) + + + # --- Modifying operations on files and directories + + def utime(self, times): + """ Set the access and modified times of this file. """ + os.utime(self, times) + + def chmod(self, mode): + os.chmod(self, mode) + + if hasattr(os, 'chown'): + def chown(self, uid, gid): + os.chown(self, uid, gid) + + def rename(self, new): + os.rename(self, new) + + def renames(self, new): + os.renames(self, new) + + + # --- Create/delete operations on directories + + def mkdir(self, mode=0777): + os.mkdir(self, mode) + + def makedirs(self, mode=0777): + os.makedirs(self, mode) + + def rmdir(self): + os.rmdir(self) + + def removedirs(self): + os.removedirs(self) + + + # --- Modifying operations on files + + def touch(self): + """ Set the access/modified times of this file to the current time. + Create the file if it does not exist. + """ + fd = os.open(self, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT, 0666) + os.close(fd) + os.utime(self, None) + + def remove(self): + os.remove(self) + + def unlink(self): + os.unlink(self) + + + # --- Links + + if hasattr(os, 'link'): + def link(self, newpath): + """ Create a hard link at 'newpath', pointing to this file. """ + os.link(self, newpath) + + if hasattr(os, 'symlink'): + def symlink(self, newlink): + """ Create a symbolic link at 'newlink', pointing here. """ + os.symlink(self, newlink) + + if hasattr(os, 'readlink'): + def readlink(self): + """ Return the path to which this symbolic link points. + + The result may be an absolute or a relative path. + """ + return self.__class__(os.readlink(self)) + + def readlinkabs(self): + """ Return the path to which this symbolic link points. + + The result is always an absolute path. + """ + p = self.readlink() + if p.isabs(): + return p + else: + return (self.parent / p).abspath() + + + # --- High-level functions from shutil + + copyfile = shutil.copyfile + copymode = shutil.copymode + copystat = shutil.copystat + copy = shutil.copy + copy2 = shutil.copy2 + copytree = shutil.copytree + if hasattr(shutil, 'move'): + move = shutil.move + rmtree = shutil.rmtree + + + # --- Special stuff from os + + if hasattr(os, 'chroot'): + def chroot(self): + os.chroot(self) + + if hasattr(os, 'startfile'): + def startfile(self): + os.startfile(self) + + |