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Do not switch back and forth between different package managers. If you use apt to install some software, and then try <a href="aptitude.html">aptitude</a>, it will uninstall all the packages you installed using apt. Choose one package manager and stick with it!</p> +<p>All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the +descriptions indicate the configuration option to set. For boolean +options you can override the config file by using something like</p> +<pre> -f-,--no-f, -f=no or several other variations. + + --no-install-recommends + Do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for + installing. Configuration Item: APT::Install-Recommends. + + -d, --download-only + Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or + installed. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download-Only. + + -f, --fix-broken + Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place. + This option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages + to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. If packages are + specified, these have to completely correct the problem. The option + is sometimes necessary when running APT for the first time; APT + itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a + system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be + so corrupt as to require manual intervention (which usually means + using dselect(1) or dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the + offending packages). Use of this option together with -m may + produce an error in some situations. Configuration Item: + APT::Get::Fix-Broken. + + -m, --ignore-missing, --fix-missing + Ignore missing packages; If packages cannot be retrieved or fail + the integrity check after retrieval (corrupted package files), hold + back those packages and handle the result. Use of this option + together with -f may produce an error in some situations. If a + package is selected for installation (particularly if it is + mentioned on the command line) and it could not be downloaded then + it will be silently held back. Configuration Item: + APT::Get::Fix-Missing. + + --no-download + Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with + --ignore-missing to force APT to use only the .debs it has already + downloaded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download. + + -q, --quiet + Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress + indicators. More q's will produce more quiet up to a maximum of 2. + You can also use -q=# to set the quiet level, overriding the + configuration file. Note that quiet level 2 implies -y, you should + never use -qq without a no-action modifier such as -d, --print-uris + or -s as APT may decided to do something you did not expect. + Configuration Item: quiet. + + -s, --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act + No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur but do + not actually change the system. Configuration Item: + APT::Get::Simulate. + + Simulation run as user will deactivate locking (Debug::NoLocking) + automatic. Also a notice will be displayed indicating that this is + only a simulation, if the option + APT::Get::Show-User-Simulation-Note is set (Default: true). Neither + NoLocking nor the notice will be triggered if run as root (root + should know what he is doing without further warnings by apt-get). + + Simulate prints out a series of lines each one representing a dpkg + operation, Configure (Conf), Remove (Remv), Unpack (Inst). Square + brackets indicate broken packages and empty set of square brackets + meaning breaks that are of no consequence (rare). + + -y, --yes, --assume-yes + Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and + run non-interactively. If an undesirable situation, such as + changing a held package, trying to install a unauthenticated + package or removing an essential package occurs then apt-get will + abort. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Assume-Yes. + + -u, --show-upgraded + Show upgraded packages; Print out a list of all packages that are + to be upgraded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Upgraded. + + -V, --verbose-versions + Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages. + Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Versions. + + -b, --compile, --build + Compile source packages after downloading them. Configuration Item: + APT::Get::Compile. + + --install-recommends + Also install recommended packages. + + --no-install-recommends + Do not install recommended packages. + + --ignore-hold + Ignore package Holds; This causes apt-get to ignore a hold placed + on a package. This may be useful in conjunction with dist-upgrade + to override a large number of undesired holds. Configuration Item: + APT::Ignore-Hold. + + --no-upgrade + Do not upgrade packages; When used in conjunction with install, + no-upgrade will prevent packages on the command line from being + upgraded if they are already installed. Configuration Item: + APT::Get::Upgrade. + + --force-yes + Force yes; This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to + continue without prompting if it is doing something potentially + harmful. It should not be used except in very special situations. + Using force-yes can potentially destroy your system! Configuration + Item: APT::Get::force-yes. + + --print-uris + Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed. + Each URI will have the path, the destination file name, the size + and the expected md5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will + not always match the file name on the remote site! This also works + with the source and update commands. When used with the update + command the MD5 and size are not included, and it is up to the user + to decompress any compressed files. Configuration Item: + APT::Get::Print-URIs. + + --purge + Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed. An + asterisk ("*") will be displayed next to packages which are + scheduled to be purged. remove --purge is equivalent to the purge + command. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Purge. + + --reinstall + Re-Install packages that are already installed and at the newest + version. Configuration Item: APT::Get::ReInstall. + + --list-cleanup + This option defaults to on, use --no-list-cleanup to turn it off. + When on apt-get will automatically manage the contents of + /var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased. The + only reason to turn it off is if you frequently change your source + list. Configuration Item: APT::Get::List-Cleanup. + + -t, --target-release, --default-release + This option controls the default input to the policy engine, it + creates a default pin at priority 990 using the specified release + string. This overrides the general settings in + /etc/apt/preferences. Specifically pinned packages are not affected + by the value of this option. In short, this option lets you have + simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved + from. Some common examples might be -t '2.1*', -t unstable or -t + sid. Configuration Item: APT::Default-Release; see also the + apt_preferences(5) manual page. + + --trivial-only + Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be + considered related to --assume-yes, where --assume-yes will answer + yes to any prompt, --trivial-only will answer no. Configuration + Item: APT::Get::Trivial-Only. + + --no-remove + If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts + without prompting. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Remove. + + --auto-remove + If the command is either install or remove, then this option acts + like running autoremove command, removing the unused dependency + packages. Configuration Item: APT::Get::AutomaticRemove. + + --only-source + Only has meaning for the source and build-dep commands. Indicates + that the given source names are not to be mapped through the binary + table. This means that if this option is specified, these commands + will only accept source package names as arguments, rather than + accepting binary package names and looking up the corresponding + source package. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Only-Source. + + --diff-only, --dsc-only, --tar-only + Download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive. + Configuration Item: APT::Get::Diff-Only, APT::Get::Dsc-Only, and + APT::Get::Tar-Only. + + --arch-only + Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies. + Configuration Item: APT::Get::Arch-Only. + + --allow-unauthenticated + Ignore if packages can't be authenticated and don't prompt about + it. This is useful for tools like pbuilder. Configuration Item: + APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated. + + -h, --help + Show a short usage summary. + + -v, --version + Show the program version. + + -c, --config-file + Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The + program will read the default configuration file and then this + configuration file. See apt.conf(5) for syntax information. + + -o, --option + Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary + configuration option. The syntax is -o Foo::Bar=bar. -o and + --option can be used multiple times to set different options. +</pre> +<p> update<br> +update is used to resynchronize the package index files from their +sources. The indexes of available packages are fetched from the +location(s) specified in /etc/apt/sources.list. For example, when +using a Debian archive, this command retrieves and scans the +Packages.gz files, so that information about new and updated<br> +packages is available. An update should always be performed before +an upgrade or dist-upgrade. Please be aware that the overall +progress meter will be incorrect as the size of the package files +cannot be known in advance.</p> +<p> upgrade<br> +upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages +currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in +/etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new +versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no +circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages +not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of +currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without +changing the install status of another package will be left at<br> +their current version. An update must be performed first so that +apt-get knows that new versions of packages are available.</p> +<p> dselect-upgrade<br> +dselect-upgrade is used in conjunction with the traditional Debian +packaging front-end, dselect(1). dselect-upgrade follows the +changes made by dselect(1) to the Status field of available +packages, and performs the actions necessary to realize that state +(for instance, the removal of old and the installation of new +packages).</p> +<p> dist-upgrade<br> +dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade, +also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions +of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and +it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the +expense of less important ones if necessary. So, dist-upgrade +command may remove some packages. The /etc/apt/sources.list file +contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package +files. See also apt_preferences(5) for a mechanism for overriding +the general settings for individual packages.</p> +<p> install<br> +install is followed by one or more packages desired for +installation or upgrading. Each package is a package name, not a +fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian GNU/Linux +system, libc6 would be the argument provided, not +libc6_1.9.6-2.deb). All packages required by the package(s) +specified for installation will also be retrieved and installed. +The /etc/apt/sources.list file is used to locate the desired +packages. If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with no +intervening space), the identified package will be removed if it is +installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to designate a package +to install. These latter features may be used to override decisions +made by apt-get's conflict resolution system.</p> +<blockquote> +<p> A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by +following the package name with an equals and the version of the +package to select. This will cause that version to be located and +selected for install. Alternatively a specific distribution can be +selected by following the package name with a slash and the version<br> +of the distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing, +unstable).</p> +<p> Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and +must be used with care.</p> +<p> This is also the target to use if you want to upgrade one or more +already-installed packages without upgrading every package you have +on your system. Unlike the "upgrade" target, which installs the +newest version of all currently installed packages, "install" will +install the newest version of only the package(s) specified. Simply<br> +provide the name of the package(s) you wish to upgrade, and if a +newer version is available, it (and its dependencies, as described +above) will be downloaded and installed.</p> +<p> Finally, the apt_preferences(5) mechanism allows you to create an +alternative installation policy for individual packages.</p> +<p> If no package matches the given expression and the expression +contains one of '.', '?' or '*' then it is assumed to be a POSIX +regular expression, and it is applied to all package names in the +database. Any matches are then installed (or removed). Note that +matching is done by substring so 'lo.*' matches 'how-lo' and +'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular expression with +a '^' or '$' character, or create a more specific regular +expression.</p> +</blockquote> +<p> remove<br> +remove is identical to install except that packages are removed +instead of installed. Note the removing a package leaves its +configuration files in system. If a plus sign is appended to the +package name (with no intervening space), the identified package +will be installed instead of removed.</p> +<p> purge<br> +purge is identical to remove except that packages are removed and +purged (any configuration files are deleted too).</p> +<p> source<br> +source causes apt-get to fetch source packages. APT will examine +the available packages to decide which source package to fetch. It +will then find and download into the current directory the newest +available version of that source package while respect the default +release, set with the option APT::Default-Release, the -t option or<br> +per package with the pkg/release syntax, if possible.</p> +<blockquote> +<p> Source packages are tracked separately from binary packages via +deb-src type lines in the sources.list(5) file. This means that you +will need to add such a line for each repository you want to get +sources from. If you don't do this you will properly get another +(newer, older or none) source version than the one you have +installed or could install.</p> +<p> If the --compile option is specified then the package will be +compiled to a binary .deb using dpkg-buildpackage, if +--download-only is specified then the source package will not be +unpacked.</p> +<p> A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source +name with an equals and then the version to fetch, similar to the +mechanism used for the package files. This enables exact matching +of the source package name and version, implicitly enabling the +APT::Get::Only-Source option.</p> +</blockquote> +<p> Note that source packages are not tracked like binary packages, +they exist only in the current directory and are similar to +downloading source tar balls.</p> +<p> build-dep<br> +build-dep causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an attempt +to satisfy the build dependencies for a source package.</p> +<p> check<br> +check is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks +for broken dependencies.</p> +<p> clean<br> +clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. +It removes everything but the lock file from +/var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/. When +APT is used as a dselect(1) method, clean is run automatically. +Those who do not use dselect will likely want to run apt-get clean +from time to time to free up disk space.</p> +<p> autoclean<br> +Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved +package files. The difference is that it only removes package files +that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This +allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without it +growing out of control. The configuration option +APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages from being +erased if it is set to off.</p> +<p> autoremove +<br> +autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically +installed to satisfy dependencies for some package and that are no +more needed.</p> +<p>FILES</p> +<p> <span class="code">/etc/apt/sources.list</span><br> +Locations to fetch packages from. It takes the following format:<br>deb [web address] [distribution name][maincontribnon-free]<br> +For example, in Ubuntu, it could be something like:<br> +<span class="code">deb <a href="http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/">http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu</a> lucid main restrcted</span><br> +or for debian <br> +<span class="code">deb <a href="http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian">http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian</a> lenny main</span><br> +Configuration Item:<br> +Dir::Etc::SourceList.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/etc/apt/sources.list.d/</span><br> +File fragments for locations to fetch packages from. Configuration<br> +Item: Dir::Etc::SourceParts.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/etc/apt/apt.conf</span><br> +APT configuration file. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Main.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</span><br> +APT configuration file fragments. Configuration Item:<br> +Dir::Etc::Parts.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/etc/apt/preferences</span><br> +Version preferences file. This is where you would specify<br> +"pinning", i.e. a preference to get certain packages from a<br> +separate source or from a different version of a distribution.<br> +Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Preferences.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/etc/apt/preferences.d/</span><br> +File fragments for the version preferences. Configuration Item:<br> +Dir::Etc::PreferencesParts.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/var/cache/apt/archives/</span><br> +Storage area for retrieved package files. Configuration Item:<br> +Dir::Cache::Archives.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/</span><br> +Storage area for package files in transit. Configuration Item:<br> +Dir::Cache::Archives (implicit partial).</p> +<p> <span class="code">/var/lib/apt/lists/</span><br> +Storage area for state information for each package resource<br> +specified in sources.list(5) Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.</p> +<p> <span class="code">/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/</span><br> +Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item:<br> +Dir::State::Lists (implicit partial).</p> +<p><b>Examples</b></p> +<p> These examples assume that <span class="code">/etc/apt/sources.list </span>already includes the web address of at least one software repository.</p> +<p>Sync the local software database +with the repository database (build cache):<br> + +<span class="code">$ apt-get update</span></p> +<p><span class="code"></span>Search for a particular program (search the cache) in this case the <i>gimp </i>program:<br> +<span class="code">$ apt-cache search gimp</span></p> +<p>If the above succeeds then the software is abailable and can be installed: <br> +<span class="code">$ apt-get install gimp</span></p> +<p>To remove the software if you no longer need it: <br> +<span class="code">$ apt-get remove gimp</span></p> +<p>Upgrade all the software on your system to the latest versions:<br> +<span class="code">$ apt-get upgrade</span></p> +<p>Upgrading the whole linux distribution to a new version: <br> +<span class="code">$ apt-get dist-upgrade</span><br> + <br> + <i>“Winners make a habit of manufacturing their own positive expectations in advance of the event” - Brian Tracy</i></p> +<p><b>Related</b>:</p> +<p>apt-cache(8), apt-cdrom(8), dselect(1), sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt-config(8), apt-secure(8), apt_preferences(5)<br> +dpkg - Low level Package management<br> + +The APT User's guide in +/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/<br> +The APT Howto<br> +<a href="http://www.apt-get.org/">apt-get.org</a> - Unofficial APT repositories for the Debian operating system.<br> + +<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center"> Ubuntu Software Center</a> - GUI for APT <br> +<a href="http://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/">Synaptic Package Manager</a> - GUI for APT (In Ubuntu this is under System>Administration)<br> +<a href="aptitude.html">aptitude</a> - Package manager<br> +Equivalent Windows command: MSI </p> +<!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/foot_bash.lbi" --><p align="left"><script type="text/javascript"><!-- +google_ad_client = "pub-6140977852749469"; +google_ad_width = 300; +google_ad_height = 250; +google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; +google_ad_type = "text_image"; +google_ad_channel ="1984328893"; +google_color_border = "CCCCCC"; +google_color_bg = "CCCCCC"; +google_color_link = "000000"; +google_color_text = "333333"; +google_color_url = "0000FF"; +//--></script> +<script type="text/javascript" + src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> +</script><br> +</p> +<div align="center"><hr size="1"> + <p id="top"><a href="#"><img src="../term_tools/images/top-4.gif" width="47" height="53" border="0" alt="Back to the Top" title="Back to the Top"></a></p> + <p class="tagline">© Copyright <a href="http://ss64.com/">SS64.com</a> 1999-2010<br> +Some rights reserved<br> +</p> +</div><!-- #EndLibraryItem --></body> +</html> |