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-
- <div class="section" id="working-with-the-shell">
-<span id="shell"></span><h1>Working with the Shell<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-the-shell" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<p class="versionadded">
-<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.3.</span></p>
-<p>One of the reasons everybody loves Python is the interactive shell. It
-basically allows you to execute Python commands in real time and
-immediately get results back. Flask itself does not come with an
-interactive shell, because it does not require any specific setup upfront,
-just import your application and start playing around.</p>
-<p>There are however some handy helpers to make playing around in the shell a
-more pleasant experience. The main issue with interactive console
-sessions is that you&#8217;re not triggering a request like a browser does which
-means that <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.g" title="flask.g"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.request" title="flask.request"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">request</span></tt></a> and others are not
-available. But the code you want to test might depend on them, so what
-can you do?</p>
-<p>This is where some helper functions come in handy. Keep in mind however
-that these functions are not only there for interactive shell usage, but
-also for unittesting and other situations that require a faked request
-context.</p>
-<p>Generally it&#8217;s recommended that you read the <a class="reference internal" href="reqcontext.html#request-context"><em>The Request Context</em></a>
-chapter of the documentation first.</p>
-<div class="section" id="creating-a-request-context">
-<h2>Creating a Request Context<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-request-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>The easiest way to create a proper request context from the shell is by
-using the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.test_request_context" title="flask.Flask.test_request_context"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_request_context</span></tt></a> method which creates
-us a <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.ctx.RequestContext" title="flask.ctx.RequestContext"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">RequestContext</span></tt></a>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ctx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_request_context</span><span class="p">()</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Normally you would use the <cite>with</cite> statement to make this request object
-active, but in the shell it&#8217;s easier to use the
-<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.ctx.RequestContext.push" title="flask.ctx.RequestContext.push"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">push()</span></tt></a> and
-<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.ctx.RequestContext.pop" title="flask.ctx.RequestContext.pop"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">pop()</span></tt></a> methods by hand:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">()</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>From that point onwards you can work with the request object until you
-call <cite>pop</cite>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="firing-before-after-request">
-<h2>Firing Before/After Request<a class="headerlink" href="#firing-before-after-request" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>By just creating a request context, you still don&#8217;t have run the code that
-is normally run before a request. This might result in your database
-being unavailable if you are connecting to the database in a
-before-request callback or the current user not being stored on the
-<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.g" title="flask.g"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt></a> object etc.</p>
-<p>This however can easily be done yourself. Just call
-<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.preprocess_request" title="flask.Flask.preprocess_request"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">preprocess_request()</span></tt></a>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ctx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_request_context</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preprocess_request</span><span class="p">()</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Keep in mind that the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.preprocess_request" title="flask.Flask.preprocess_request"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">preprocess_request()</span></tt></a> function
-might return a response object, in that case just ignore it.</p>
-<p>To shutdown a request, you need to trick a bit before the after request
-functions (triggered by <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.process_response" title="flask.Flask.process_response"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">process_response()</span></tt></a>) operate on
-a response object:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">response_class</span><span class="p">())</span>
-<span class="go">&lt;Response 0 bytes [200 OK]&gt;</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>The functions registered as <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.teardown_request" title="flask.Flask.teardown_request"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">teardown_request()</span></tt></a> are
-automatically called when the context is popped. So this is the perfect
-place to automatically tear down resources that were needed by the request
-context (such as database connections).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="further-improving-the-shell-experience">
-<h2>Further Improving the Shell Experience<a class="headerlink" href="#further-improving-the-shell-experience" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>If you like the idea of experimenting in a shell, create yourself a module
-with stuff you want to star import into your interactive session. There
-you could also define some more helper methods for common things such as
-initializing the database, dropping tables etc.</p>
-<p>Just put them into a module (like <cite>shelltools</cite> and import from there):</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">shelltools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
-</pre></div>
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-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Working with the Shell</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-request-context">Creating a Request Context</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#firing-before-after-request">Firing Before/After Request</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#further-improving-the-shell-experience">Further Improving the Shell Experience</a></li>
-</ul>
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-<h3>Related Topics</h3>
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