If you have a favorite web page and you would like to revisit it many times, then it isn't fun typing the URL of the web page every time. The Browse Activity can store URLs for you - each URL you store is called a bookmark and they stay stored even if you switch the computer off.
-
Now I want to save a reference to this web page so I can easily visit it later. I do this by clicking the star next to the Location Bar. When I do this a small colored square is added to the bottom of the Browse Activity and it has a picture of the web site in it.
-
-
-
-
I can store as many bookmarks as I like. Then when I wish to visit a bookmarked web page I click the associated square at the bottom.
-
To visit web pages you need to first open the Browse Activity.
-
-
At the top of the Browse Activity you see this:
-
-
-
-
-
This is the Location Bar and it is here you type the location of the web page you wish to view. The location of a web page is also known as the URL or Uniform Resource Locator. Every page on the web has a unique URL. You need to know the URL before you can visit a specific web page. For example if I wanted to visit the Wikipedia web page I would need to know that its URL is:
-
-
http://www.wikipedia.org
-
If I am connected to the internet and I enter this URL into the Location Bar and press Enter then I would see this:
-
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-
-
You can then move your cursor over the page and try clicking different parts. If you click on a part of the page that takes you to another webpage that means you found a hyperlink (or just "link" for short). Links connect web pages together so you don't have to keep typing the URL of associated web pages in the Location Bar.
-
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Before you spend hours clicking every part of the page searching for links, it might be quicker to know how links can be identified. While it is true that any part of a web page can be a link, most of the time they are easily identified. Many text links are underlined or colored differently from the rest of the text on the page. In the Wikipedia example above, if I click the large "English" text at the top I find I am taken to another web page. In this case I am taken to the English version of Wikipedia which looks like this:
-
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-
-
I can then keep clicking links and going from web page to web page, this is typically called "browsing the web".
-
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While sometimes you can tell if text is a link it is also true that some images are links. There is one easy trick for telling if part of a web page is a link and that is to simply move the pointer over that part of the page. If the text or image is a link the pointer changes from an arrow to a hand:
-
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-
-
If you flip the XO into handheld or flat mode, you can use the gamepad keys to scroll the pages and
- click links.
-
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Browsing your computer
-
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If you want to browse the directory structure on your computer using the Browse Activity, click the Browse tab and type file:///home/olpc/ as the URL. You can see a listing of the files and folders on your computer.
-
If you have opened a web page and the text is too small to read you can make it bigger. I will use the Wikipedia web page as an example. If I look at Wikipedia in the Browse Activity it looks something like this:
-
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I can now enlarge the text by first clicking the View tab at the top of the page (below the Location Bar):
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-
At the top left are some icons that look like magnifying glasses:
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-
If you click the magnifying glass on the left the text on the web page gets smaller. If you click the one on the right the text gets bigger. You can click as many times as you want until the text is the size you desire. If I click several times on the enlarging magnifying glass my Wikipedia text gets very big:
-
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Full Screen
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We can also force the Browse Activity to use more of the screen when displaying web pages. To do this press the Full Screen icon at the top of the View Tab (next to the magnifying glasses):
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The web page now takes up all of your display. To return to the "normal" view you need to click the same icon as it appears at the top right of the web page:
-
Wikipedia is the world's largest free encyclopedia. It is also open for anyone to contribute - this means that you can directly change Wikipedia pages and contribute to the world's largest free knowledge resource! You can do all this using the Browse Activity.
-
We can read this page and learn all about bicycles but we can also add our own information to the page for others to read and benefit. To do this we simply click the "edit this page" link:
-
-
-
-
Now the look of the page changes:
-
-
-
-
The box you see with all the text actually contains the same text that you saw before except that you can now change it. You do this by simply typing in the box and adding, moving, or deleting text. You can add any information you think would be a good addition. When you are finished you need to click outside of the box and use the down-arrow on the keyboard to scroll down to the "Save page" button.
-
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-
-
Click the "Save page" button - your additions are saved and you have made your first contribution to the worlds largest free encyclopedia!
-
All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2
-
-This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
-This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
-
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
-
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
-
-
Preamble
-
-
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
-
-
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
-
-
-
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
-
-
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
-
-
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
-
-
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
-
-
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
-
-
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
-
-
-
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-
-
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
-
-
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
-
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
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-
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
-
-
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
-
-
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
-
-
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
-
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
-
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
-
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
-
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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-
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
-
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
-
-
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
-
-
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
-
-
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
-
-
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
-
-
-
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
-
-
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
-
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
-
-
NO WARRANTY
-
-
-
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
-
-
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
-
You will probably want to use e-mail to communicate with friends and family with your XO. The XO doesn't include email software, but you can use webmail (e-mail on a web page) using the Browse Activity.
-
-
First, you need to set up an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) give you several e-mail accounts with your service. If they offer webmail you can use that. Call and ask them how to use it if you haven't already done so.
-
-
There are other e-mail services you can use, free of charge. You simply go to their web site and sign up. You will be asked to create your e-mail name and a password. The password should include a mix of letters and digits and be easy for you to remember.
-
-
You will probably find that, just like "snail mail" (the regular paper kind) you sometimes get e-mail that is advertising or what is called "spam" or "junk mail". Most e-mail services do their best to screen these out. In fact, it is a good idea to check your junk mail folder once in a while to see if something you really want got put there by mistake.
-
-
A popular free e-mail service you might want to try is Gmail at http://gmail.com.
-
The Browse Activity is used for browsing the World Wide Web (Internet). If you are familiar with Web Browsers then the Browse Activity is exactly that.
-
-
-
-
To get the most out of the Browse Activity, you must be connected to the internet. If you are not connected to the Internet, the screen above still appears, and you can browse content installed on your XO in the gray bar on the left, but you will not be able to browse Internet web sites until your connection is established.
-
-
If you want to find something on the web it is best to use a "search engine". One of the most popular search engines is Google. To use Google open the following URL in the Browse Activity:
-
Now enter the terms of what you want to search for into the long "text box" in the middle of the page. You can enter as many relevant terms as you wish. Then click "Google Search" and you see a page of links to web pages that are related to your search. Click any of the links and the Browse Activity takes you to that web page.
-
It is possible to collaborate with others by using the Browse Activity. You do this through sharing bookmarks.
-
-
To share a bookmark with others in your Neighborhood View you must have already stored some bookmarks within your Browse Activity. If you have done this then visit the Activity tab at the top right of the Browse Activity:
-
-
-
-
You now see an area next to the text "Sharing" - you click this and choose "My Neighborhood":
-
-
-
-
Now all those in your Neighborhood can access your bookmarks.
-
You can start the Browse Activity from the Home View or the List View. With luck you see the Browse icon on the Desktop:
-
-
-
-
You just need to start the Browse Activity by clicking the globe shown above.
-
-
If you do not see the Browse Activity icon on the Home View then you have to open it from the List View. To do this you need to first be in the Home View and click the List View icon:
-
-
-
-
Clicking this displays the list of Activities available to you. It is a long list and you can scroll down until you see the Browse Activity icon:
-
-
-
-
You can now either click the icon and the Browse Activity starts OR you can add the Activity to your favorites. If you add the Activity to your favorites it displays in the Home View. To do this click the star next to its name. This changes the color of the star. Next you must return to the Home View by clicking its icon at the top right of the List View:
-
-
-
-
This returns you to the Home View and then you can open the Browse Activity as explained above.
-
Until recent years encyclopedias were a large, very expensive, set of books. However, you can now access very good information about just about anything you can think of through Wikipedia. It's fast to access (you must have an Internet connection) and it's free!
-
-
You can access this free encyclopedia through the Browse Activity. Enter the following URL into the Location Bar and press enter: http://www.wikipedia.org
-
-
-
-
Now click the language that you understand from the ones provided. I will click the "English" link:
-
-
-
-
Now you have the "home page" of the Wikipedia English site open. To search for something, just type what you are looking for into the text box where it says "search":
-
-
-
-
When you have entered the terms you are looking for click "Search" and you are taken to a list of links from which you can choose or directly to a page referring to your search. These pages are the Wikipedia pages for that subject.
-
The World Wide Web, also called just "the web", is a collection of computers around the world that are connected together. The computers are connected in a way that enables them to communicate with each other. This opens up interesting possiblities for sharing information - which is exactly what the web does best.
-
-
Using Browsers we can "browse" the information stored on these other computers and this information is displayed as "web pages". With Sugar we use the Browse Activity to look at web pages from around the world.
-
FLOSS Manuals is a collection of manuals that explain how to install and use a range of free and open source software. The manuals are friendly and simple, and they are intended to encourage people to explore the wide range of free, open source alternatives to expensive and restrictively licensed software. At FLOSS Manuals you can find manuals for free and open source software like office applications, as well as web editing and browsing, and tools for playing, making, streaming and sharing audio and video.
-
-
FLOSS Manuals make free software more accessible by providing clear documentation that accurately explains their purpose and use. Each manual explains what the software does and what it doesn't do, what the interface looks like, how to install it, how to set the most basic configuration necessary, and how to use its main functions. To ensure the information remains useful and up to date the manuals are regularly developed to add more advanced uses, and to document changes and new versions of the software.
-
-
You can read and use the manuals in a number of different ways. They can be read online in separately indexed chapters, and you can use the website as a reference base in this way. You can also view, download, or print each manual as a PDF file. It is also possible to ‘remix’ manuals to create a version that only includes specific aspects of a particular manual, or that combines chapters from two or more manuals in a single document. These can be downloaded and printed, added to websites, and used for any purpose. You can also print a manual, or an individually ‘remixed’ manual, as a book via the print-to-order service of Lulu.com.
-
-
The manuals on FLOSS Manuals are written by a community of people, who do a variety of things to keep the manuals as up to date and accurate as possible. Anyone can contribute to a manual – to fix a spelling mistake, to add a more detailed explanation, to write a new chapter, or to start a whole new manual. The way in which FLOSS Manuals are written mirrors the way in which FLOSS (Free, libre open source) software itself is written: by a community who contribute to and maintain the content.
-
-
License
-
-
All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2
-
This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
-
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
-
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
-
-
Preamble
-
-
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
-
-
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
-
-
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
-
-
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
-
-
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
-
-
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
-
-
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
-
-
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
-
-
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-
-
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
-
-
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
-
-
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
-
-
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
-
-
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
-
-
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
-
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
-
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
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8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
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NO WARRANTY
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11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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The Record Activity also allows you to record Audio. To do so, you simply go to the Audio Tab in the Activity.
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If you have a camera, an image appears in the picture window and looks like live video.
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Don't worry... this is only saved as a snapshot to help identify your audio recording.
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The controls for audio recording are virtually identical to that of video recording. You have "Timer" and "Duration" controls that allow you to specify when and for how long your voice is recorded. You also have a tray at the bottom of the Activity that allows you to browse and view details of previously recorded audio.
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To start recording press the button at the bottom:
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Your recording starts:
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You can either leave the audio recording to run until it is complete or you can stop it by pressing on the same icon you pressed to start it. As with the photo and video modes, you see an icon for your recording show up once you are done. You can click this icon to edit the name and tags assigned to your new audio recording.
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To replay the audio click the icon of the recording at the bottom of the page.
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The Record Activity is used for recording audio and video and for taking pictures. You will need to have a built in camera and microphone to use these features. If your computer only has a microphone and no camera then you can only use the Record Activity to record audio.
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Record can be used for :
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Taking pictures
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Recording video
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Recording audio
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Stop-motion photography
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Time-lapse photography
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Creating 360° panoramas
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Viewing slide shows
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Storing extra information about audio, video, and pictures
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Record stores images and audio in the Journal, from which they can be used by other activities, such as Draw, Write, Etoys, and Browse, as well as Memorize and some other games. Also, images can be transferred to a USB storage device from the Journal by "drag and drop".
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You can easily take pictures and make videos by using a built-in camera for still photography and video recording. You can also use the camera for video conferencing, which involves talking to others on a video screen knowing that the others can also view your video.
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You can express yourself with sound, images, and video using the cameras and microphones. You are learning about light, observations, angle, and perspective.
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By recording the sights and sounds around you, others can learn about you, your culture, and environment. You can communicate with your voice and pictures. You can tell factual or emotional stories with film or pictures to help change perceptions or take action.
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You could also try some of the following :
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Use the Record Activity to record your voice with a built-in microphone.
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Take a photo of where you live by aiming the camera lens at your home, and then clicking the circle icon.
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Record sounds of your city or town.
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Record and leave messages for your family.
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Teachers - record a message for parents.
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Interview your friends and record it to audio or video.
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Make a video diary.
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Open your photos in the Paint Activity and draw on them.
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Add your pictures to a story using Write.
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Upload a picture to Flickr or Wikimedia Commons.
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Attach a picture to an e-mail you send to a friend or family member.
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Take a picture of a flower or plant from the same place every day to show how it changes.
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Take a picture of a baby animal every week to show how it grows.
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You can use the Record Activity to take photographs of the world around you. The screenshot below highlights some of the key controls available in the main Photo Tab.
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Let's look at some specific details about the items highlighted above:
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This item shows the Photo Tab has been highlighted. This means that the Record Activity is in photo capture mode and all of the controls you see now reflect this.
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Record allows users to set a timer before recording happens. In this case, the timer is a pulldown menu that allows you to chose among three options: "Immediate", "5 Seconds", and "10 Seconds". Delaying the timer might be useful if you want to give yourself some time to get to the right pose before the Record Activity takes a snapshot.
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You often see a double arrow at the top right corner of your picture window. This arrow puts record into full screen mode, where everything is hidden except the picture window and the record button (item 4 below). In full screen mode, you can navigate the pointer to the top right corner and a similar icon pops up to allow you to return to normal mode.
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This is the button that tells the Record Activity to start recording. In Photo mode, Record takes a snapshot of whatever is in front of the camera.
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The area between the left and right arrows is called the tray. It is where previously recorded items are placed so that you can look at them later on.
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Once Record successfully takes a photo, it shows up as an icon on the tray. You can click the icon to view the photo and to update information about that picture.
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In the Photo View screenshot above, item 1 shows how the tray displays a history of your previously taken photos. When you click on a photo, you are taken to the interface you see in the screenshot, which includes a text field where you can name your photo (item 2). You also see the image taken by your camera (in this case, the skyline of Chicago). Item 3 is a small output window of what your camera sees (in this case, a very happy student!). If you click on this small window, you are returned to the main photo screen from which you can take more pictures.
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Item 4 on the bottom right of your image is a little tab that allows you to find out even more about the photo that was taken. The screenshot below shows the new window that appears. Here, you can read and enter new 'tags' for your image, and find out about when the picture was taken and by whom. A tag is a single word that helps categorise or describe the photo.
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As with the photo view window, you have the output of your camera on the bottom left. You can click this to go back to taking photos.
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You can share photos, video and audio recordings (these can just be refered to as 'media') with your friends. To share media you must first have some media in the bottom tray. In our example we have the image of a Bison (see below) in the tray. Now select the Activity Tab on the left and the Record Activity looks something like this:
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You then see on the right the text "Share with:". To the right of this is a drop-down menu. Change the selection here to "My Neighborhood" as shown:
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Others looking at the Neighborhood View see your icon with an 'eye' (the Record Activity icon) next to it:
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Others can now join your Activity and you can share your media with them.
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Joining the Record Activity
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Once you have shared your Record Activity others need to do the following to join.
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From the Neighborhood View, they need to click the 'eye' icon next to your icon:
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They must then choose 'Join' and their Record Activity opens with your images in their tray. In the Record Activity, thumbnails of photographs are shared. The photograph's frame is in the same colors as the XO icon of the person who took the photo.
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On your Frame, you can see the icons of all of the people with whom you are collaborating. You can also see their shared media.
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You can start the Record Activity either from the Home View or from the List View. Let's try the Home View first :
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The 'eye' icon in the above image is what you click to start the Record Activity. Note: the icon might not be in the same place as you see here. If you do not see the icon at all then you should go to the List View. To do this click the icon that looks like five parallel lines at the top right of the Home View :
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This takes you to a list of Activities :
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You should scroll down the list until you see the Record Activity. You can then do one of two things. You can click the star to the left. This adds the Record Activity to the Home View and then you can return to the Home View by clicking the Home View icon:
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You would then start the activity in the way described above. However, if you do not wish to add Record to the Home View then just click the eye icon in the List View and Record starts immediately (it takes a little time to start up).
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You can share your photos with the world by uploading them to Wikimedia Commons for anyone to use! To do this you need to have some photos you made using the Record Activity and then start the Browse Activity.
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Most pages on Wikimedia Commons can be edited without registering an account. However, users must be logged in to an account in order to upload files. The good news is, once you've registered an account on Wikimedia Commons, you can use that account on all Wikimedia projects. Once you've logged in at one site, you'll be automatically logged in to all the others, too.
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The top part of the screen shows some two fuzzy words mashed together. New users are required to enter the words in the box below. This is known as a "CAPTCHA" and it helps block spammers from automatically signing up hundreds of accounts.
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Below the CAPTCHA are some fields for your username, password and e-mail address. Note that
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usernames are case sensitive - "Doug" is different than "DOUG" which is different than "DoUG" which is different than "DOuG" ...
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your username must be unique, so if you can't sign up because someone else already has an account with that name, try making it longer or appending some numbers to the end.
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Putting your e-mail address is optional, but it's a good idea. Firstly, it means if you forget your password, you can request a new one to be sent to your e-mail. Secondly, it means you request notification via e-mail if someone leaves you a message on-wiki. This is very useful if you don't intend to return and check the site regularly. Thirdly, it means you can send e-mails via the wiki to other users, and you can allow other users to e-mail you, too.
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As a registered user, you have several extra options available to you. The first is your very own user page. This is located at [[User:Your username here]]. You can get to it by clicking on your username in the top right-hand corner.
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This is a good place to put some profile information about yourself, such as your interests and skills. Putting your proficiency in various languages is also useful to let other users know how they can best communicate with you. For special templates for this purpose, see http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Babel .
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Your talk page, located at [[User talk:Your username here]], is where other users can leave messages for you. When your user talk page has been edited, a large orange bar appears at the top of all the wiki pages you visit that says, "You have new messages", until you read your talk page.
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You can respond to messages on your talk page either in place on it, or on the other person's talk page. (There is probably a link in their signature to their talk page.) Be sure to sign all messages you write on talk pages by appending your messages with four tildes: ~~~~. When you save the page, these are automatically converted into a link to your user page and a timestamp.
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Your watchlist is where you can see the latest changes made to pages that are on your watchlist. By default, files you upload have their Image pages added to your watchlist. This means you can follow the changes that other people make to your file's descriptions. You can also add pages to your watchlist by opening the "edit" tab and ticking the box that says "Watch this page".
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Under your contributions, you'll find a list of all the edits or uploads you've done, starting with the most recent. This can be useful if you remember editing an interesting page but forgot to add it to your watchlist.
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Setting your preferences
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There are dozens of preferences available, but just a few of the most important are covered below.
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Under "User profile", there is a drop-down list for "Language". This changes the language that interface messages (e.g. menu links) are presented in. If you are more comfortable with a language other than English (which is the default) then it's definitely worth changing this to your preferred language.
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At the bottom under the "E-mail" section there are a number of preferences. If you don't intend to check the site regularly, it's a good idea to tick the option for "E-mail me when my user talk page is changed".
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Don't forget to save your preferences!
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Uploading your first file
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So you've made some creative work, found a Wikimedia project page that it can improve, registered an account and logged in. Time to start uploading!
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At Commons:Upload, the first link leads to the "Upload your own work" form.
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Navigating the upload form
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The top half of the form contains need-to-know information about what constitutes ones "own work" (for example, taking a screenshot typically does not), and information and categories and licensing. The bottom half of the form contains fields for you to fill out about your work.
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Each field has a small question mark icon next to it. Clicking this icon reveals a small help box. Clicking it again makes the help box disappear.
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The first few fields are pretty easy. Clicking the "Browse" button gives you a view of your local files so you can choose the one you want to upload. Doing this automatically fills out the Destination filename field. Be sure to change the "Destination filename" to something descriptive if it's not already. It's not straightforward to change file names after they've been uploaded, which means it's important to choose a good filename the first time around. You can append your name or the date to the filename if you're concerned it won't be specific enough.
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The Original source field should be already filled out, and your username should be present in the Author(s) field. If you would rather be credited as your real name rather than your username, feel free to delete the text already there and put your preferred name.
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In Description you find a text box for an English description by default. You can use the drop-down menu on the left to change it to a different language if you prefer, or click the "+" button to add a field for another language (if you feel competent to write a description in multiple languages).
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When writing the description, write it as if you are describing the image to someone who can't see it. That is, after all, what you're doing -- the description is of most benefit to users searching the site. Of course, if it's a complex scene that requires explanation, that also belongs in this field -- but don't neglect the basics.
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Other versions is only necessary if you are uploading an edited version of an existing file. So most of the time it's fine to leave this blank. Likewise, Permission is mostly relevant when you're uploading other people's works, rather than your own. So this one can also be left blank. Additional info is also fine to leave blank.
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The final two fields are Licensing and Categories. These are both important.
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Although this is a pretty simple little drop-down box, it represents some significant thinking. Free content licenses can't be revoked, so it's best to do all the hard thinking about it once, fairly early on, and after that just pick your choice without giving it so much thought.
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In Categories, clicking the "(+)" produces a text field. When you start to type in it, existing categories appear in a list above the text field. When you choose one from the list, click "OK" to add the file to that category. This can be repeated for multiple categories.
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Categories are similar to but not exactly the same as "tags", commonly used in sites like Flickr. Categories are hierarchical, which means only the most specific category for a particular aspect of a file should be added. For example, if you add the category Paris to a file, you don't need to add France as well.
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When you're new to Wikimedia Commons, don't worry too much about finding the best categories. At least one relevant category is what's most important. You will find that over time, other community members will sort your files into more specific categories. That's the beauty of a wiki!
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Other places to upload images and videos
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There are an ever-growing number of websites that host image or video collections. Perhaps the most popular are Facebook, Flickr, and YouTube. But you may want to explore sites that are more friendly to the non-proprietary formats used by Record, such as Dailymotion (http://dailymotion.com), which lets you upload OGG-formatted videos.
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When you click the Video Tab, the Record Activity goes into video recording mode. Much of this process is very similar to recording photos: recorded videos show up in the tray at the bottom, you can name and tag your videos just as you name and tag photos, and you have many of the same controls for going in to fullscreen mode and navigating between video recording and viewing modes.
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The screen capture below helps us to highlight a couple of items that are different or noteworthy in video mode.
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Notice that there are two control menus. Item 1 is a delay timer just like the one used on photo mode: it lets you delay the start of recording several seconds so you can get ready in front of the camera. The duration menu (item 2) allows you to specify a maximum length for your video. In the current implementation, you can record videos of 2, 4 or 6 minutes.
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Once you are ready to record, click the button in item 3. When you finish recording, you should see your video show up in area 4. You can then click on the video to view it, name it, and update/view the tags assigned to the video.
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-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
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When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
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- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
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When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
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- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
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- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
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- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
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When you play with an Activity you are using the Activity View. Return to the most recently used Activity that is still running by clicking the Activity View icon at the top left of the Frame (shown below).
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You can also use the Activity button for this purpose if your keyboard has one. Use the F4 key if you are using a keyboard that does not have an Activity button.
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Use the appropriate Activity icon in the top right of the Frame, from any View, to return to the Activity View for any running activity.
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Sugar Activites always use the full screen. This figure shows the Activity View for the Browse activity.
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1. Activity menus
Activities have one or more menus that appear at the top of the screen.
2. Menu tabs
Click on the tabs found just below the Activity menu to switch between the menus for an Activity.
3. Activity workspace
The rest of the screen is used by the Activity itself, in this example, Browse.
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All Activities have an Activities menu.
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1. Activity name
The content of the Activity name field is how this specific Activity session entry appears in the Journal. Be sure to enter a unique name here, if you want to make it easy to later find this session among the other instances of this same Activity shown in the Journal.
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2. Share with menu
Use the 'Share with' pull-down menu to share an Activity with your neighbors. Many Activities support sharing.
3. Keep button
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Click the Keep button to force an Activity to save its current state in the Journal.
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4. Stop button
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Use the Stop button or press ctrl + esc to save the Activity in the Journal and close it.
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Many Activities have an Edit menu:
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1. Undo/Redo
The undo and redo buttons are application specific but usually refer to undoing or redoing your most recent edits.
2. Copy/Paste
There are buttons for copy and paste. You can also use the keyboard shortcuts ctrl + c and ctrl + v for copy and paste respectively. Items you copy end up on the clipboard, which is found in the left edge of the Frame. Items you paste come from the clipboard.
3. Search
Many Activities support search: you can find text within the activity by entering it into the search box.
4. Back/Forward
Another common pair of buttons allow you to step backward or forward through a sequence (in the case of Browse, these buttons step you through the recent pages you have been viewing).
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Many Activities also have a View menu.
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1. The Full-screen button
Click the Full-screen button to make the Activity to use 100% of the display, hiding the menu.
2. Shrink/Grow
Use the Shrink and Grow buttons to scale the display if the Activity supports this feature.
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Leaving full-screen mode:
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1. Full-screen button
Use the Full-screen button to view the menus again.
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Many Activities use trays at the bottom of the screen to hold collections.
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1. Tray button
Click the Tray button to toggle the appearance of the tray.
2. The tray
The tray typically appears at the bottom of the screen. The Tray contains objects associated with the activity. In the Browse activity, bookmarks appear in the tray. In the Record activity, the media objects you create are placed in the Tray. Retrieve objects by clicking on their thumbnails in the tray.
Ad-Hoc networking allows for collaboration between computers without an internet connection or without mesh network. An ad-hoc network will also allow you to collaborate and interact with computers that aren't running Sugar via Activities like Abiword and Chat.
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Creating an Ad-Hoc Network
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In Sugar, go to the frame by moving the mouse to a corner of the screen, or by pressing the frame key.
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Click on or hover over the wireless network icon, and click "Create new wireless network".
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You are now connected to your own Ad-Hoc network, and now other users can join your network and collaborate.
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This computer's name is "tomeu-soas" so its network is named "tomeu-soas's network"
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Connecting to someone else's Ad-Hoc Network
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You can connect to an ad-hoc network from the Neighborhood View.
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The color of the network will be the colors of the Sugar user who created the network. You can see information about a connection on the Frame.
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Tip: To access the Neighborhood View, click on the Neighborhood Icon on the Frame or by pressing the F1 key.
When working on Sugar Activities it's a good idea to have a second copy of your work. You can use an external storage device to back up your work on Sugar, creating a second copy that you can take to another computer.
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If you have a School Server, you can back up your work to the server. If you want your work later, you copy the contents from the School Server back onto your computer.
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External storage devices
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If you want a second copy of your files, you can store them on external storage media such as an SD card or USB storage device. To copy files to an external device, follow these steps.
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Launch the Journal Activity, either by pressing the magnifying glass icon key or by going to
- the Home view and clicking the Journal icon at the bottom of the Home circle.
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Insert an SD card or a USB device into the computer.
- The Journal shows an icon in a bottom bar when you put in external storage media.
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Click to select a file, then drag the file to the SD or USB icon in the bottom bar.
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When you are done using the SD card or USB device, right-click on the icon and choose Unmount.
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Now you can remove the external media either by removing the USB device or pressing to "spring" the SD card out of its slot.
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Terminal Activity
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You can look at an SD card or USB file names with the Terminal Activity.
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Start the Terminal Activity.
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Find the name of the external media device, which is in the /media directory. For example, type:
- df
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You see the name of your SD card or USB stick in the row with /media/ before it. You need that name to find the files with the next command.
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Use the change directory command (cd) to switch your location to the storage media and press enter.
- cd /media/5962-0A03
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Next, use the list command (ls) to list all the files on the storage media and press enter.
- ls
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- All your file names are listed with the ls command.
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Backing up using a school server
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You register your computer with a school server by clicking the XO icon in the Home view and choosing Register, then choosing Restart. Once your computer is registered, a backup job that runs once a day collects the activities in your Journal and stores them on a separate server computer known as the School Server.
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If you think you have lost something, or you want to go back to a certain date and time, ask your teacher for the name of your School Server.
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In the listing of daily backup dates, click a date listing.
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In the listing of the documents available for that date, click a document.
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Depending on the type of document, it launches either in the Read Activity or in the Browse Activity. Sugar automatically stores it locally once it is launched.
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There are two similar but different modes of collaborating within Sugar:
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Send an invitation to collaborate on an Activity.
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Share an Activity in the Neighborhood View.
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The difference between the two modes is subtle but important. When you send an invitation, you have specific control over who joins you. When you share with the neighborhood, you are opening your Activity up to anyone who is visible in the Neighborhood View.
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Sending an invitation
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If you want a friend to join you in an Activity, send them an invitation. You can invite as many friends as you'd like by following the steps outlined below. The steps use the example of inviting someone to talk in the Chat Activity.
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Step 1: Start the Activity.
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You must be running an Activity in order to send an invitation.
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For example, open Chat from the Home View.
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Step 2: Go to the Neighborhood View or the Group View.
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Step 3: Hover over the icon of the friend you'd like to invite, and click Invite to.
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Your friend receives the invitation.
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Step 4: Return to your Activity and start collaborating.
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For example, switch back to the Chat Activity.
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Receiving and accepting an invitation
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Step 1: Notice that you have an invitation.
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The notification of an invitation appears in the upper-left corner of the screen and on the Frame.
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The invitation is an Activity icon. The icon is the color of the person who sent the invitation.
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Step 2: Click the icon to accept the invitation.
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You can accept the invitation from the Neighborhood View or the Frame.
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In the Neighborhood View, click the other user's icon.
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On the Frame, click the invitation icon, or click Join on the icon's hover menu.
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Note: You do not have to accept an invitation. Just ignore it or click Decline on the invitation icon's hover menu.
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Step 3: Start collaborating.
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As soon as you accept an invitation, you switch to the Activity.
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While you are collaborating, your collaborators' icons appear on the Frame.
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When you leave the Activity, you end the collaboration.
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Sharing an Activity
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You can share an Activity if you want for anyone from your Neighborhood View to join you.
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Step 1: Start the Activity.
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You must be running an Activity in order to share it.
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For example, open Record from the Home View.
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Step 2: Once the Activity is running, select the Activity tab.
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Step 3: On the Share with menu, click My Neighborhood.
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An icon representing your shared Activity will appear in the Neighborhood View.
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Your XO icon appears above the Activity icon in the Neighborhood View.
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Joining a shared Activity
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You can join any Activity that appears in the Neighborhood View.
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Step 1: From the Neighborhood View, click the icon representing the shared Activity you would like to join.
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Step 2: Start collaborating.
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The Activity opens as soon as you click the Activity's icon.
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The approach to collaboration varies from Activity to Activity. In the Record Activity, thumbnails of photographs are shared. The photograph's frame is in the same colors as the XO icon of the person who took the photo.
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On your Frame, you can see the icons of all of the people you are collaborating with.
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A primary goal of the Sugar learning platform is enabling students to learn and work together.
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In a wireless environment, an access point (AP) is a device that allows your computer to connect to an existing set of communicating devices. The access point usually has a direct connection to the internet, and can relay data between the wireless devices and the devices it can access.
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Multiple ways to connect to others
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wireless access point (WiFi hotspot);
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wired network—may require an external adapter;
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OLPC “School Server” mesh network;
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OLPC “simple” mesh network, which lets you collaborate directly with other Sugar users.
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Connecting through an access point
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You can connect from the Neighborhood View. You can see information about the connection on the Frame.
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Step 1: Go to the Neighborhood View
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Go to the Neighborhood View to connect to an access point.
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Tip: To access the Neighborhood View, click on the Neighborhood Icon on the Frame or by pressing the F1 key.
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Step 2: Choose an access point
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Networks (access points) are represented by circles on the Neighborhood View. Hover over a circle to see more information about an access point. An access point is identified by the name (ESSID) it broadcasts. An OLPC laptop mesh-point—represented by a series of concentric circles—is identified by its channel number (1, 6, or 11). You can also search for an access point by name in the search bar at the top of the page.
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Note: If an access point is not broadcasting its name, the Neighborhood View may show that AP with some other name.
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Signal strength is indicated by the fill level of the circle. The color of the circle is based upon the name of the access point. A lock icon identifies networks that are secured and require a key (passcode) to use. A star icon identifies access points that have been previously used (favorites).
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Step 3: Activate a connection
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To activate a network connection, click once inside the circle that corresponds to your chosen access point (or click on the Connect option in the hover menu).
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While the connection is being established, the inside of the circle will blink. Once the connection is established, an icon for that connection will be shown on the bottom edge of Frame. If for some reason the connection failed, the circle will stop blinking. Sometimes it is necessary to try several times before the connection is established.
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If the access point is secured and requires a key, a dialog prompts you for the required information. Different access points may require different types of keys. Before entering the key, be sure to select the correct type from the pull-down menu that is presented.
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Step 4: Checking the connection
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The connection status is detailed in a hover menu.
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You can check the status of your connection from the Frame (from any view). By hovering over the circle icon, you will find details about your connection status in a hover menu.
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OLPC deployments
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OLPC has designed a mesh network that allows XO laptops to communicate without the presence of the Internet and a School Server as a means to make their school network connectivity more efficient. The School Server also provides web and chat services.
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Note to parents and teachers
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Collaboration between learners is one of the most important features of Sugar. To enable collaboration in a classroom or home setting, it is necessary to establish the same type of connection for each computer. Computers can be connected through a School Server, a simple mesh if they are OLPC XOs, or an access point.
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When using an access point for the connection, the computers must all use the same Jabber server in order to collaborate. Please refer to the Sugar Control Panel discussion in the Personalizing Sugar chapter for details regarding the configuration of Jabber.
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Additional hints
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You make your connection from the Neighborhood View.
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Your current connection status is shown on the Frame. Also, the hover menu will indicate "Connected". It sometimes takes 2–3 tries to connect. To disconnect, select “Disconnect” from the hover menu that appears in either of the network status menus (See Step 4 above).
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Access points are represented by circles. The fill level indicates signal strength.
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Access points that require keys have a lock icon. The color of the circle is calculated from the ESSID of the access point. The name of the access point is displayed when you hover over it.
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You connect by “clicking” in the center of the circle. The center of the circle will blink while the laptop is trying to connect.
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If you are using an OLPC XO computer, mesh points are represented by a series of concentric circles. The color of a mesh point is the same as your XO color. If your OLPC XO computer is “mesh enabled” and you have not connected to an AP, you will automatically be joined to a simple mesh network, enabling you to collaborate with others in the mesh, but not necessarily to access the Internet.
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You are prompted if the access point requires a key.
You have a limited amount of space for files. When your computer runs out of storage space, you should delete some items by using the Journal Activity.
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To clear out space for more files, follow these steps.
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Open the Frame and click the Journal icon in the top row.
-
Look for files that you can delete, such as old files or large files that you may have stored on another computer so you don't need it on this computer.
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Click the file and then click the Erase button (minus sign) to delete the file.
-
-
All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2
-
-This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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-This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
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-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
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- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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Preamble
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
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b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
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c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
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8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
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NO WARRANTY
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-
-
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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There are hundreds of Activities written for Sugar and new ones being created daily. A good place to look for new activities is wiki.laptop.org/go/Activities
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Below is a sampler of the variety of Activities created and supported by the Sugar community.
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Browse
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Browse is a simple Web application that lets you access and search the Internet and share bookmarks with your friends. (See the Browse chapter for more information.)
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TamTamMini
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TamTam Mini is a fun, powerful way to perform music and play instruments. It is simple enough to be used by even the youngest ages,
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Chat
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The Chat Activity lets you type messages that can be seen by other Sugar users. It can be used by two people or an entire classroom. (See the Chat chapter for more information.)
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Memorize
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Memorize is the classic memory game of finding and matching pairs, but with a twist: the items in a pair can be any multimedia object, such as images, sounds and text. You can play existing games as well as create new ones.
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SynthLab
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SynthLab is a mini-lab for acoustic- and electronic-circuit construction. It is designed for older children who are ready to venture into more sophisticated sound design.
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TamTamEdit
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TamTam Edit is an intuitive environment for composing music. You can create, modify, and organize notes on virtual “tracks”, which allow for virtually limitless variations in musical styles.
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TamTamJam
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TamTam Jam is a fun, powerful way to perform music, play multiple instruments, and collaborate musically with other children.
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Record
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The Record Activity gives you a simple way to take pictures, view slide shows, and record video and audio—all content that can be shared with others. (See the Record chapter for more information.)
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The Journal
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The Journal Activity is an automated diary of everything you do with your system. You can use the Journal to organize work or revisit a past project. Teachers and parents can use it to assess a child's progress. (See the Journal chapter more information.)
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Measure
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Measure is a tool that observe physical phenomena and real-world events. With it, you can measure and log data and create graphs. You can explore the data and connect events with each other.
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Draw
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The Draw Activity gives you a canvas to draw pictures, by yourself or with friends. You can draw freeform images with a paintbrush and pencil, and use the dedicated toolbar to play and experiment with shapes. You can enter text, import images, and place items however you want.
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Pippy Python
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Pippy is a simple and fun introduction to programming in Python, the dynamic programming language underlying much of the software on the laptop.
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Distance
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You can measure the distance between two laptops by measuring the length of time it takes for sound to travel between them. Along with the Measure and Record Activities, there are many ways to use the laptop to explore the physical environment.
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Turtle Art
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Turtle Art lets you program a Logo “turtle” to draw colorful and complex artwork. Simple programming elements easily snap together, to bring art to life. (See the Turtle Art chapter for more information.)
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Write
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Write is a basic text editing application featuring straightforward tools and a simple interface. It provides an easy way to write a story, craft a poem, or complete an essay. It also has more advanced features like image insertion, table creation, and layout operations. It also supports collaborative real-time editing, so a group can work together to edit text easily and seamlessly. (See the Write chapter for more information.)
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Etoys
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Etoys lets you create models, simulations, and games with text, graphics, and sound. This lets you explore ideas and learn by doing. You can also share desktops with other Etoys users in real time, encouraging immersive mentoring and play. Etoys has a worldwide community of users and developers who are working to create content, curriculum, and examples. (See wiki.laptop.org/go/Etoys for more information.)
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Read an eBook
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Sugar has a built-in eBook reader. The XO laptop has a screen that rotates 180 degrees and folds down on the keyboard, so you can read while holding the XO like a book. Read your favorite book on the XO while sitting outdoors in the sunlight.
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Calculate
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Calculate provides a generic calculator with a simple, straightforward interface. It is readable and easy to use for even the youngest children, but also supports more complicated mathematics.
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X Windows
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The X Windows Activity provides an X Windows System workspace within Sugar. Use this Activity to run standard X Windows programs.
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Note to parents and teachers
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There is an ever-growing array of downloadable content and built-in access to popular Web-based applications. This includes Google applications, SimCity, GCompris (a suite of award-winning educational software for children), and hundreds of other applications. There are currently thousands of software developers around the world developing content for Sugar. This community is interested in your feedback so that they can better serve the needs of children learning.
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A device that connects wireless devices together to form a network. Usually connects to a wired network and relays data between wireless devices and wired devices. Several APs can link together to form a larger network.
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Active kill
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A mechanism for remotely shutting down a laptop that has been reported stolen when the laptop connects to the Internet.
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Activation
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In order to use your laptop for the first time (or after a “reflash” of the operating system), it must be unlocked by an activation key.
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Activation key
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Key that unlocks an XO laptop.
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Activity
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An application that has an icon in the taskbar, e.g., Write, Record, Browse; Activities engage you in taking a picture, reading a book, creating a page, annotating a page, animating a drawing, making sounds and music, measuring and sensing, sharing your favorites, inviting your friends, surfing on the web, etc. has .xo suffix
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Activity view
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A view used by the current activity that is running on the laptop.
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BitFrost
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The OLPC security platform.
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Build
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A version of the operating system, designated by category and number; e.g., Ship.2-656; Update.1-698; Joyride-1792.
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Click
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The action of positioning the cursor over an object such as a menu item or icon and then pressing and releasing a "mouse" button. To "left click", you click with the left-hand mouse button. To "right click", you click with the right-hand mouse button.
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Content
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The books, music, movies, photographs, drawings, etc. that are created on the laptop or downloaded to the laptop. Stored in an .xol file.
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Datastore
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Component that manages the access to the data displayed in the Journal; these data are stored in individual files; an index that contains the metadata and speeds up searches
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Developer key
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If the boot firmware sees a developer key, it makes the XO laptop work just like any ordinary PC-style laptop, in the sense that it will let you interrupt the boot process and enter commands; and it will try to boot and run any program you supply to it, no matter whether the OLPC organization has tested or signed it. (The laptop also works this way if its firmware security is disabled.)
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Double click
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Click two times in rapid succession. In many graphical user interfaces, double click is used as a different gesture than two separate single clicks. Sugar does not use double clicks.
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Drag and drop
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The combination of dragging an object and then dropping onto a region of the screen. To drag an object: (1) position the cursor over the object; (2) press and hold the mouse button; and (3) move the cursor without releasing the mouse button. To drop an object, release the mouse button. In Sugar, drag and drop is used to move items from the clipboard into an Activity.
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Email list
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A collection of email addresses—an efficient way to send email to a group of people who share an interest
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Firmware, Wireless
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The wireless firmware is software that controls the operation of the wireless radio. It is downloaded into the wireless radio by the operating system.
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Firmware, System
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The system firmware is made up of two parts: The EC and OFW. The first part is the software that runs the embedded controller (EC). The EC handles the processing of the keyboard, touchpad, game buttons, power button, and charging the battery. The second part is OpenFirmware (OFW). OFW is responsible for initializing the hardware and booting the operating system. OFW also handles boot security so that it will only load “official” OLPC operating systems.
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Frame
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The Frame, which can appear in any view, holds system status (battery, network, etc.), a clipboard, the list of open activities, navigation controls, and list of “buddies” (collaborators);
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Group view
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A view of your friends with whom you are working on shared projects.
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Home view
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View of installed activities from which you launch them—the Home view is the starting view on the laptop.
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Hover over
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To move the pointer over something on the screen (such as an icon) and leave it there for a moment. Often, hovering over an object's icon activates a menu of options for that object.
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Infrastructure mode
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Network connectivity through a WiFi access point, e.g., 802.11b.
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Internet Relay Chat
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IRC/chat real-time text chat used by the development and technical support communities (and hopefully the learning community as well)
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Jabber
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A protocol that the laptop uses for collaboration.
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Journal
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Activity where you can see your previous work. You can also resume the work done at those activities.
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Jumpdrive
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A small, external storage device that plugs into one of the USB ports on a computer. They can store between 16MB (enough to hold several music files) up to 4GB (enough to hold several high quality full-length movie files) and a wide range in between. Jump drives are easily purchased at any electronic store starting as low as $5 to $10.
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Key generation
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Process of generating both activation and developer keys.
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Lease
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When a laptop is activated, the activation has an expiration date. The period between activation and expiration is the lease period. The lease period is determined during the key-generation process; the laptop can be reactivated after the lease has expired.
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Library
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Content that is created on the laptop is accessed through the Journal; preloaded content is stored in a library and is accessed through the Browse activity.
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Malware
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Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent. Linux is relatively robust in light of malware and Rainbow provides additional protections above and beyond the standard Linux defaults.
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Memory stick
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See Jumpdrive
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Mesh Channel
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The laptops use three channels for communication: 1, 6, and 11; in simple mesh mode, the laptops can only see other laptops on the same channel; in a School Server mesh, laptops on all channels are visible.
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Mesh Network
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A wireless mesh network is a communications network made up of radio nodes in which nodes can forward information on behalf of each other so that even nodes that are not in direct radio contact can communicate via nodes that are between them. The collective coverage area of the radio nodes working as a single network becomes a mesh cloud.
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Mesh Mode
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Network connectivity through a mesh network, e.g., 802.11.
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Mesh Portal Point
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A mesh node that serves as a gateway (portal) to a network external to the mesh.
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Mouse button
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Originally referring to a button on a computer mouse, the term is now used to refer to a button on any pointing device, such as a touchpad or pointing stick.
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NAND Flash
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Internal storage in some laptops, including the OLPC XO.
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Neighborhood View
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A view of who is on the network with you and what activities and content are being shared.
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Operating system
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(OS) - The low-level system that manages the various files, processes, etc. needed to operate the laptop; the OS used by the XO laptop is the RedHat Fedora distribution of Linux.
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Palette
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A black box that appears when the mouse hovers over an object; a palette can contain the name of the control, some details about it or some related actions.
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Passive kill
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Currently unsupported, this is a mechanism that uses the lease mechanism to require laptops to periodically ask for a renewed activation. Without the renewal, the lease will expire and the laptop will be locked.
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PO file
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A file containing the instance of translated strings for a single language based upon a POT file
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Pootle
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A server that is used to store and manage translation templates and files.
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POT file
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The master translation template for a projec.
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Power adapter
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Each laptop comes with a power adapter to allow it to be plugged into a power socket.
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Presence
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A discovery service for finding other laptops on the network.
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Rainbow
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Rainbow implements the isolation shell implicitly described in the Bitfrost security specification. This means that it isolates activities (and eventually system services) that it is asked to run from one another and the rest of the system.
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Reflash
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The process by which a fresh build is installed in the laptop; reflashing overwrites all files, including files in the Journal and /home/olpc. And so, it should be done with caution.
To return to a normal state of operation after suspending.
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Rollover
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See Hover over
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School server mesh mode
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A mesh network that is mediated by a School Serve.
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SD card
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Secure Digital (SD) is a flash (non-volatile) memory card format used in portable devices, including digital cameras, handheld computers, PDAs, and mobile phones. SD card capacities range from 8 MB to 32 GB.
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Signed/unsigned builds
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OLPC produces both "signed" and "unsigned" builds of the operating system. Signed builds are release builds that have undergone QA testing. Unsigned builds are development builds, which are used for testing new features and bug fixes. You cannot run an unsigned build in your laptop unless you have either a developer key or security has been turned off (as in the case of the G1G1 laptops).
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Simple mesh mode
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A mesh network that is running between laptops without a School Serve.
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Single click
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Click one time. In many graphical user interfaces, multiple clicks are used as a different gesture than single clicks. Sugar does not use multiple clicks.
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Sugar UI
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The Sugar user interface. It consists of four views, the Frame, and the Journal.
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Suspend
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To cause a computer go into a standby state in order to save power.
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Thumb drive
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See: Jumpdrive
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Toolbar
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An user-interface element that can contains several buttons, text entry fields, drop-down menus, etc. that is usually contained in a toolbox; common examples of toolbars include: Activity, View, Edit, et al.
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Toolbox
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An user-interface element that appears in the top part of most activities and contains one or more toolbars.
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Tubes
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A protocol for passing data between computers.
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Update/olpc-update
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The process by which incremental changes to system software are installed.
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USB drive/USB stick/USB storage device
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See: Jumpdrive
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View
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Instaed of a desktop, Sugar maintains four views: Neighborhood, Buddy (Friends), Home, and Activity.
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Virus
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A computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user, a type of malware.
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A low-cost, power-efficient, durable laptop computer designed for education in developing countries by One Laptop per Child. The XO-1 features mesh networking and a dual-mode, low power, sunlight readable display.
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XS school server
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An XS or school server extends the amount of storage available to children. It also serves as a local library and a mesh portal to the Internet.
The Group View shows you your friends. (XO icons that are dimmed represent friends who are currently offline.)
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To show the Group View, click the Group icon on the Frame or press the F2 key.
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Adding a friend
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You add friends to the Group View from the Neighborhood View.
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When you hover over an XO icon, the Make friend menu option appears. Click this option to add that person as a friend.
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Your new friend's icon then appears in the Group View.
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Removing a friend
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You can remove a friend from the Group View using the hover menu. Click Remove friend. That person's icon disappears from the Group View.
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Inviting a friend
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From the hover menu, you can also invite friends to join your current Actvity. There is more information about invitations and sharing in the Collaborating chapter.
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Note: When you have clicked on an Activity's icon, please wait for that Activity to start. If you get impatient and happen to click again on the Activity's icon, you may end up with that Activity being started twice.
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When you click on an Activity's icon, you will see a start-up view while that Activity initializes. Once the Activity is running, you will be placed into its Activity View. If the Activity fails to start, you will instead be returned to Home View.
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To get to the Home View, click the Home icon on the Frame or press the F3 key.
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The Home View has several modes. Each mode has a different arrangement of Activities:
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Your favorite Activities in a ring (Ring mode)
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Your installed Activities in a list (List view)
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Your favorite Activities arranged freeform (Freeform mode)
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Favorites View
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1. Search box
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Use the search box to find activities. Note: If in List view you see fewer Activities than expected, you may need to click on the small X at the right end of the search box to undo an unintended search request.
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2. View modes
Click an icon to switch to a different view. Hover over the Favorites icon to see a menu that lets you pick Ring mode or Freeform mode.
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3. Activity icon
Click an Activity icon to launch that Activity (which causes it to appear on the Frame). Only Activities that have been “starred” as favorites appear in this view. (Please see the List View below for more details.)
4. XO icon
Hover the pointer over the "XO" in the center of the Home View to bring up a menu and to access the Sugar Control Panel (Please see the chapter on Customizing Sugar).
5. Active-Activity icon
The icon of the currently active Activity appears under the XO icon.
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List View
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Use the List view to manage all of your Activities and to choose which Activity icons will appear on the Favorites view.
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1. Activity entry
Each entry in the list has:
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a star, which is colored for favorite Activities, which appear in Ring mode or Freeform mode. Click a star to color or clear it.
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an icon
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a title
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a version number
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how long ago it was installed
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2. Icon
Click the icon to launch the Activity. Caution: By clicking on Erase in the icon's hover menu, you can uninstall that Activity from your system.
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3. Version number
Lets you compare your version against an availability list such as wiki.laptop.org/go/Activities to see if it is up to date.
4. Scroll bar
The Activity list may extend beyond the screen. Use the scroll bar to move through the list.
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Favorites View in Freeform Mode
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The Freeform mode of the Home View works the same as the Ring mode, but the icons are arranged arbitrarily instead of in a circle. You can drag the icons in this View to visually group them in a way that makes sense to you.
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XO Menu
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Use the hover menu that appears over the XO icon to access the Sugar Control Panel and to shutdown or restart the computer.
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You can install new and different Activities, which you can download and install from a web site, your school server, a USB storage device, or an SD card.
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There are two ways to install new activities:
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Use the Browse Activity to download an Activity and then use the Journal Activity to install it.
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-
Use the Terminal Activity to install an Activity directly from a USB device with a typed command.
On the Activities page, look for a new Activity such as the Puzzle game.
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Click the name of the file that you want. Activity files usually end in ".xo".
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On the next page, click the download link.
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When the download is complete, click "OK".
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In the Frame, click the Journal to launch the Journal Activity.
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From the Journal Activity, click the .xo file to preview it.
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In the preview page, click the circle with a square in it.
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- This installs and starts the Activity. It adds a new icon to the Activities list mode in the Home view.
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- Enjoy your new Activity!
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Installing an activity from a USB storage device
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(Substitute the actual name of the USB device in place of "<USB device name>" in the command, and the actual path and filename of the .xo file in place of "<filename.xo>".)
- Sugar will install the Activity.
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Tip: To determine the name of your USB device, you can go to the Journal Activity and read the name from the icon in the bottom left corner of the screen.
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Installing a set of Activities
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Activities are downloaded separately from the base Sugar user interface. To install a set of Activities on an OLPC XO-1 laptop:
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The Sugar platform encourages learning through personal expression.
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The user interface differs from the traditional Desktop metaphor. It uses a "zooming" metaphor—each view represents a different scale of interaction. You move between a view of the network "neighborhood", your "friends", your "home page", and your currently open application ("Activity"). Each view occupies the entire screen. There are no overlapping windows to deal with.
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- With Sugar, you zoom between views: from your network neighborhood to your current Activity.
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Sugar supports sharing and collaboration by default. Sugar brings many of the rich collaboration mechanisms we are accustomed to from the Internet directly into the user interface. Sharing a file, starting a chat, collaborating in a writing exercise, or playing a game with other people are never more than a single click away.
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Sugar incorporates a Frame around the border of the screen; the Frame holds status information, such as alerts, a clipboard, open activities, and your current collaborators.
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Sugar maintains a Journal (or diary) of everything you do; it is a place for reflection. You do not need to save files or create folders; Activities automatically save your work to the Journal.
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Sugar emphasizes discovery. Every object in the interface has a menu that reveals more details and options for action. Many Activities include a "view source" option; for example, the Browse activity lets you examine the HTML code that reveals how a web page is created. Most Activities are written in the Python scripting language. You can see how they work, and make changes to them.
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Sugar has clarity of design. There is no need to "double click". There are no overlapping windows. Sugar uses color and shape throughout the interface to provide a fun, expressive, approachable platform for computing.
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For parents and teachers
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Activities, not Applications
- Sugar does not have applications in the traditional sense. Activities are distinct from applications in what they focus on (collaboration and expression) and in their implementation (journaling and iteration). This is more than a new naming convention; it represents an intrinsic quality of the learning experience we hope the children will have when using Sugar.
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Presence is always Present
- Everyone has the potential for learning and teaching. Sugar puts collaboration at the core of the user experience in order to realize this potential. The presence of other learners encourages children to take responsibility for others' learning as well as their own. The exchange of ideas amongst peers makes the learning process more engaging and stimulates critical thinking skills. Sugar encourages these types of social interaction with the laptops.
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Most activities have the potential to become network enabled. For example, consider the Browse activity. With typical computer interfaces, you browse in isolation. In Sugar, sharing links is an integral part of Browse, transforming web-surfing into a group collaboration.
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Tools of Expression
- Sugar emphases thinking, expressing, and communicating using technology. Sugar starts from the premise that we want to use what people already know in order to make connections to new knowledge. Computation is a "thing to think with". Sugar makes the primary activity of the children one of creative expression, in whatever form that might take. Most activities focus on the creation of some type of object, be it a drawing, a song, a story, a game, or a program. In another language shift describing the user experience, we refer to objects rather than files as the primary stuff of creative expression.
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As most software developers would agree, the best way to learn how to write a program is to write one, or perhaps teach someone else how to do so. Studying the syntax of the language is useful, but it doesn't teach one how to code. We apply the principle of "learning through doing" to all types of creation. For example, we emphasize composing music over downloading music. We also encourage the children to engage in the process of collaborative critique of their expressions and to iterate upon this expression as well.
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Turning the traditional file system into objects speaks more directly to real-world metaphors: instead of a sound file, we have an actual sound; instead of a text file, a story. In order to support this concept, activity developers can define object types and associated icons to represent them.
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Journaling
- The concept of the Journal, a written documentation of everyday events, is generally understood, albeit in various forms across cultures. A journal typically chronicles the Activities one has done throughout the day. We have adopted a journal metaphor for the file system as our approach to file organization. The underlying implementation of the journal does not differ significantly from file systems in contemporary operating systems. The file system layout is less important than the journal itself.
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The journal embodies the idea of storing a history of the things a child has done and the activities a child has participated in. The child, parent, and teacher can reflect on the journal to assess progress.
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The Journal stores objects created while the student runs an Activity. This function is secondary, although important. The Journal naturally lends itself to a chronological organization. Objects in the Journal can be tagged, searched, and sorted by a variety of means. The Journal records what a child has done, not just what the child has saved. The Journal is a portfolio or scrapbook history of the child's interactions with the machine and also with peers.
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The Journal includes entries explicitly created by the children with entries that are implicitly created through the child's participation in an Activities. Developers must think carefully about how an activity integrates with the Journal more so than with a traditional file system that functions independently of an application. The Activities, the objects, and the means of recording all tightly integrate to create a different kind of computer experience.
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"We like to think that a child's play is unconstrained—but when children appear to feel joyous and free, this may merely hide from their minds their purposefulness; you can see this more clearly when you attempt to drag them away from their chosen tasks. For they are exploring their worlds to see what's there, making explanations of what those things are, and imagining what else could be; exploring, explaining and learning are among a child's most purposeful urges and goals. The playfulness of childhood is the most demanding teacher we have. Never again in those children's lives will anything drive them to work so hard." —Marvin Minsky, The Emotion Machine
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Sugar is a learning platform that reinvents how computers are used for education. Collaboration, reflection, and discovery are integrated directly into the user interface. Sugar promotes "studio thinking [1]" and "reflective practice [2]". Through Sugar's clarity of design, children and teachers have the opportunity to use computers on their own terms. Students can reshape, reinvent, and reapply both software and content into powerful learning activities. Sugar's focus on sharing, criticism, and exploration is grounded in the culture of free and open-source software (FOSS).
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Sugar facilitates sharing and collaboration.
- Children can write documents, share books and pictures, or make music together with ease.
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There are no files, folders, or applications.
- Children interact with Activities. Activities includes an application, data, and history of the interaction that can be used to resume and reflect on the child's work .
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Everything is saved automatically.
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A Journal is used for accessing data.
- The Journal is a diary of things that you make and actions you take. It is a place to reflect upon your work.
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Sugar is free and open-source software.
- Sugar is licensed under the GNU GPL; updates will always respect the freedom of its users.
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Note to parents and teachers
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The Sugar Philosophy
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Information is about nouns. Learning is about verbs. The Sugar user interface differs from traditional user interfaces in that it is based on both cognitive and social constructivism. We believe that learners should engage in exploration and collaboration. The Sugar platform is based on three defining human principles. These are the pillars of user experience for learning:
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Everyone is a teacher and a learner.
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Humans are social beings.
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Humans are expressive.
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Two principles define the Sugar platform:
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You learn through doing, so if you want to learn more, you want to do more.
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Love is a better master than duty—you want people to engage in things that are authentic to them, things that they love. Internal motivation almost always trumps external motivations.
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Three experiences characterize the Sugar platform:
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Sharing: The Sugar interface always shows the presence of other learners. Collaboration is a first-order experience. Students and teachers dialog with each other, support each other, critique each other, and share ideas.
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Reflecting: Sugar uses a "Journal" to record each learner's activity. The Journal serves as a place for reflection and assessment of progress.
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Discovering: Sugar can accommodate a wide variety of users, with different levels of skill in terms of reading, language, and different levels of experience with computing. It is easy to approach, yet it doesn't put an upper bound on personal expression. One can peel away layers and go deeper and deeper, with no restrictions.
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Sugar is written in Python, an easy-to-learn interpreted language [3]. This allows the direct appropriation of ideas in whatever realm the learner is exploring; music, browsing, reading, writing, programming, or graphics. The student can go further. They are not going to hit a wall. They can, at every level, engage with and affect the very tools they are using for their personal expression.
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Throughout this manual we have added brief "Note to parents and teachers" sections which explains the philosophy behind the Sugar platform. We hope these sections help you guide your children and students through the learning process.
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Sugar Labs
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Sugar was designed for One Laptop per Child (OLPC), as part of an effort to provide an opportunity for a quality education to every children through the distribution of connected laptop computers, our most powerful tools for expression. Sugar is the user interface used on the OLPC XO laptop.
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Sugar Labs is a non-profit foundation whose mission is to produce, distribute, and support the use of the Sugar learning platform. Sugar Labs supports the community of educators and software developers who want to extend the platform and who have been creating Sugar Activities. Sugar is a community project. It is available under the open-source GNU General Public License (GPL) and free to anyone who wants to use or extend it.
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[1] Studio thinking is a term used to describe how visual arts teachers teach and what visual arts students learn. The term is detailed in Studio Thinking: The Real Benefits of Visual Arts Education. Studio thinking includes "studio structures": demonstrations, projects, and critiques; as well as "studio habits of mind": develop craft, engage and persist, envision, express, observe, reflect, stretch and explore, and understand.the art world. In the context of Sugar, studio thinking is applied not just to the arts, but to all disciplines.
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[2] Reflective practice is a concept introduced by Donald Schön in his book The Reflective Practitioner. Reflective practice involves students applying their own experiences to practice while being mentored by domain experts. In the context of Sugar, the expert could be a teacher, a parent, a community member, or a fellow student.
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[3] An interpreted language is a programming language whose instructions are interpreted "on the fly" (or compiled to a virtual machine code) as opposed to precompiled. The significant of interpreted languages to the Sugar platform include: platform independence, ease of debugging, ready access to source code, and small program size. Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. It emphasizes code readability and features a minimalist syntax and comprehensive standard library.
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You can use the Neighborhood View to connect to the Internet and to collaborate with others.
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To see the Neighborhood View, click the Neighborhood icon on the Frame. You can also use the Neighborhood button for this purpose if your keyboard has one, or press the F1 key.
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1. Search menu
You can find find people, activities, or access points using the search menu.
2. Shared Activities
You can join an Activity by clicking the Activity's icon. Shared Activities appear as icons in the Neighborhood View.
3. XO icon
Other Sugar users appear in the Neighborhood View. By hovering over an XO icon, you can discover the nickname of that person and can add them as a friend or invite them to join you in a shared activity.
4. Mesh icon
A mesh icon lets you connect to a school server or other computers on a mesh (802.11s) network. The OLPC XO has three mesh network channels. By clicking on a mesh icon you join that particular mesh network, and disconnect from an Access point network. The other XO icons are shown will change according to who is on that network.
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5. Access point
WiFi hot spots (Internet access points) appear as circles in the Neighborhood view. If you hover over a circle, the name of the access point (the ESSID it broadcasts) appears.
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To connect to a hot spot, click the circle. If the circle shows a lock symbol, expect to be prompted to enter a key or password. The inside of the circle blinks while your system tries to connect. Once you are connected, an icon for the connection will appear at bottom right of the Frame. By clicking on an Access point you are indicating that you do not want to collaborate through a mesh network - which other XO icons are shown may change accordingly.
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To disconnect, hover over the circle, and choose Disconnect on the menu. Or hover over the icon in the Frame, and choose Disconnect on the menu.
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You can customize Sugar to meet your needs. You can change options such as:
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the color of your XO icon
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your nickname
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the language used in the interface
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the power-saving features
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The Sugar Control Panel is the place to configure your system.
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Note: Many of the changes described in this chapter require that you restart Sugar (ctrl+alt+erase) for them to take effect.
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Opening the Sugar Control Panel
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Hover over the XO icon in the center of the Home View and a menu appears. Select Control Panel.
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Main Panel
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The Main Panel has eight categories of options.
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You can use the text box at the top of the window to search the available options. Options that don't match the search text will be dimmed.
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You accept changes made on the category panels by clicking the "OK" button in the top right corner. Clicking the "Cancel" button discards the changes and return you to the main panel.
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You can quit the control panel by clicking the "X" in the top right corner of the panel.
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About Me
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Note: If you make changes on this panel, you must restart Sugar (ctrl+alt+erase) for them to take effect. Caution: You may lose any work you have open.
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Name
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You can change your user name in this box. The user name appears when you start Sugar.
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Color
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Click the XO icon to cycle through the colors for it. These colors show up in the Neighborhood View, Group View, Home View, on your Frame and when sharing with other Sugar users. There are almost 400 different color combinations available, which consist of a combination of six base-colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple) used as stroke-color and fill-color and three shades (light, medium, dark).
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Some computers, such as the XO laptop, report the serial number here. You might need the serial number for repair service or to request a developer key.
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Software
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Here you can see which software and firmware version is currently installed on your system.
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Date & Time
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Note: If you make changes on this panel, you must restart Sugar (ctrl+alt+erase) for them to take effect. Caution: You may lose any work you have open.
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You can set your time zone in multiple ways:
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Select a location such as Europe/Vienna.
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Enter an offset to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), for example: GMT+2
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Frame
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Note: If you make changes on this panel, you must restart Sugar (ctrl+alt+erase) for them to take effect. Caution: You may lose any work you have open.
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Activation Delay
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You can change the delay for activating the Frame. You can set the delay separately for the corners and edges.
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"instantaneous" means that the Frame appears immediately when you move the pointer to that position (corner or edge).
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"never" means that moving the pointer to that position never activates the Frame.
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Values in the middle of the range indicate what fraction of a second the pointer must remain in the position before the Frame activates. The range is from 0.001 to 0.999 seconds.
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In the default configuration the Frame is instantly shown when the pointer is moved into one of the corners of the screen.
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Language
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Note: If you make changes on this panel, you must restart Sugar (ctrl+alt+erase) for them to take effect. Caution: You may lose any work you have open.
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You can select your system's default language. Even though your language might be included in the list, the translation might not be complete or available.
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Network
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Wireless
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This checkbox allows you to turn the system's wireless radio on or off. For example, if you use the system on an airplane, you must turn the radio off.
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Mesh
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Note: If you make changes to this setting, you must restart Sugar (ctrl+alt+erase) for them to take effect. Caution: You may lose any work you have open.
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Here you can enter the name of a collaboration server based on jabber. This lets you to share Activities with other people connected to the same server, even when they're located half-way around the world.
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Please note that some local OLPC user clubs and universities run their own collaboration server so it is worth checking wiki.laptop.org for relevant information.
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Power
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You can configure the power-saving features of your system.
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Please note that these settings are always used, even when the computer is plugged into a power outlet.
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Click the check boxes to enable or disable the following options.
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Automatic power management
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This mode dims the brightness of the display and turns off the CPU after one minute when there is no input via the touchpad or keyboard and no Activities that make heavy use of the CPU.
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Extreme power management (disables wireless radio, increases battery life)
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Enabling this mode turns off your wireless radio. This significantly increases your system's battery life. Enabling this option turns off the two LEDs on the left side of the laptop. You won't be able to see any other networks or XOs on your Neighborhood View. Enable this mode for maximum battery life.
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Software updates
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You can select, install, and update Activities on your system.
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Checking for updates
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If your system is connected to the Internet, it tries to fetch a list of all the available Activities.
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If your system isn't connected, the message "Could not access the network to check for updates" appears.
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Selecting updates
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The panel shows a list of new or updated Activities that are available. The overview also contains information about the Activity's version and size. An Activity is selected if its check box contains a check mark.
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Select the Activities that you want to install on your system, and clear the checkboxes for the ones you don't want to install.
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Click "Install selected".
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Modifying Activity groups
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You can click on Modify activity groups to enter alternative activity groups.
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Downloading updates
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A status view informs you of the download and installation progress.
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Software is up-to-date
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If all your Activities are up-to-date, you see the following message.
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The Frame, which you can get to from any view, contains a clipboard, incoming invitations and notifications, buddies, open Activities, and global information that is used across all Views.
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1. Clipboard
The left-hand edge of the Frame serves as a clipboard. You can drag objects such as images and text to and from the clipboard, and from and to activities.
2. Zoom menu
The Zoom menu is on the upper-left edge of the Frame. Use it to move between the four Sugar views: Neighborhood, Group, Home, and Activity.
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3. Open Activity list
The list of currently open Activities appear on the top edge of the Frame. The active Activity is highlighted. (The Journal always appears here.)
Sometimes an unlabeled circle appears here --- it usually represents an additional full-screen session started by an Activity whose icon already appears in the top edge of the Frame.
Invitations also appear on this portion of the Frame. They appear as icons in the color of the person who sent them.
4. Active buddy list
People you are currently collaborating with appear on the right edge of the Frame.
5. System status
Battery, speaker, and network status appear on the lower edge of the Frame.
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The Clipboard
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You can drag items on the clipboard into Activities. A hover menu also lets you remove them from the clipboard, open them in an Activity, or save (keep) them in your Journal.
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The Journal Activity is an automated diary of everything you do within Sugar. Sugar Activities use the Journal as a place to save your work. You can use the Journal as a place to revisit old work, to resume incomplete work, to organize your completed work, and to reflect upon your progress as a learner.
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The Journal keeps a record of what you do and the things your create such as photos, drawings, and writings. You can search for items in the Journal or sort entries by type or date. You can also click an entry to get a detailed view. You can resume an activity by clicking on the icon for that entry.
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The Journal also supports external storage media such as a USB device or a SD card. When you plug a USB device into the XO, you can access the contents of the USB device using the Journal. Click the USB icon to see the content on an attached USB storage device. You can also copy information from the Journal onto removeable media—such as a USB device—as a means of backing it up. If you are connected to a school server, you can access its backup system.
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Showing the Journal
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To show the Journal, click the Journal icon on the Frame.
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On an XO laptop, you can press the magnifying glass key in the top row of the keyboard to immediately open the Journal and search.
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Journal features
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The Journal View contains a menu and a list of journal entries:
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1. Star
You can mark important entries by clicking on the star icon for that entry. When you click the star icon, the star is colored in. Normally, when the Journal becomes too full, the system deletes some entries. If an entry is starred, it is never deleted.
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2. Icon
Each Journal entry has an icon. The color of the icon shows who created the entry. For example, if you copy a photo from a friend, the photo's icon has your friend's colors.
You can launch the Activity for the entry by clicking on the icon.
A hover menu may reveal additional options. In particular, "Erase" deletes that entry from your Journal.
Caution: "Erase" deletes any data associated with the entry shown. For example, if you delete an entry that shows that you installed an Activity, you delete the Activity as well.
3. Entry name
Each entry has a name. You can edit the name by clicking it. If the Journal view is showing the contents of a removable storage device, the Linux file name is shown here, with the path and the file name extension stripped off.
4. Buddy icons
If other participants joined you in this Activity, icons in their colors appear here.
5. Elapsed time
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The time since the most recent change to the entry is displayed.
6. Detail view button
Click this button to see detailed information about the entry. See "Journal detail view", below.
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7. Scroll bar
When there are more entries in the Journal than can fit on the screen, you can use the scroll bar to scroll through them.
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8. Search box
Type words in the box to search for entries that match those words. Entries are displayed when they contain all of the typed words. Comparison will be against all of:
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the entry name field
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the description field (see "Journal detail view")
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the tag field (see "Journal detail view")
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Note: the small x button at the right of the box shows that searching is being applied. To cancel your search, click on that x.
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9. Select by type
Choose an entry type to display only entries of that type. Types include the Activity that created an entry, or the object type, such as, picture, sound, text, and so on.
10. Filter by date
You can limit the Journal View to entries made within the past day, week, or month.
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Journal detail view
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The Detail view appears when you click the Detail view button for an entry. This view lets you examine and annotate the entry.
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1. Back icon line
You can click anywhere in this line to return to the main Journal View.
2. Star and Icon
These items duplicate their functions on the main Journal view - a star represents a special, never-deleted Journal entry and the icon color indicates who created it originally.
3. Thumbnail image
Each entry has a thumbnail image that is created automatically. The image show the Activity screen when the last change to the Journal entry was saved.
4. Entry name
You can change the name of the entry by clicking it and typing in a new name.
5. Elapsed time
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Displays the time since the most recent change to the entry is displayed.
6. Description field
You can type a description of the entry, which you can find later using the Search box. Use a description to remind you of what you did. For example: "Flowers I saw on the hike to the waterfall".
7. Tag field
You can enter search tags. Use keywords to describe a journal entry so that you can find it later using the Search box. You can use keywords to help you "group" this entry, for instance by origin or context.
8. Participants
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Displays the XO icons of each person who participated in a shared Activity.
9. Resume button
You can click the Resume button to resume an Activity. A hover menu may show additional options. For example, you can resume working with an image using either the Browser or the Paint Activity.
10. Copy button
You can copy a Journal entry to the clipboard (or to one of the removable storage devices shown on the bottom edge of the Journal screen) by clicking on the Copy button.
11. Erase button
You can erase an entry by clicking the Erase button.
Caution: Once you erase an entry, it cannot be restored unless you have backed up your Journal.
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When resuming from the Detail View, you can choose among different Activities.
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Using removeable media
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When you insert removeable media—such as a USB device or SD card—it appears as an icon on the bottom edge of the mail Journal view.
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1. Journal
Click the Journal icon to shows the Journal View.
2. USB device
Click the USB icon (or SD icon) to show the removeable-media file system.
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You can drag Journal entries onto the USB device. You can drag entries back from USB device back to the Journal.
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To remove (unmount) the external file system, choose Unmount on the hover menu.
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Caution: It may take time for the hover menu to appear. It is easy to make a mistake and click the icon itself when you intended to click Unmount.
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Caution: If you have a Terminal running you may inadvertently have your removeable media locked. The safest way to remove media is after powering off your computer.
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Note to parents and teachers
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The Journal keeps a record of everything a child does within Sugar: which Activities they use and what content they create. It also keeps a record of group Activities, such as participation in a shared Write or Browse session.
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The Journal encourages reflection. You can refer to it to assess a child's progress, much in the spirit of "portfolio" assessment. You can also use it as a catalyst for discussion with your child or student. We encourage the use of the description field within the detail view of Journal entries as a place to annotate or comment up entries.
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Sugar applications are called “Activities.” Activities include an application as well as sharing and collaboration capabilities, a built-in interface to the Journal, and other features such as the clipboard.
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The Journal Activity is pre-installed. Other Activities can be distributed as part of an Activity Pack. There are many, many others you can install yourself.
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Activities you have specified as favourites appear as a ring of icons around the XO icon in the center of the Home View. All the Activities you have installed are shown in the List mode of Home View.
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Some Activities allow Sugar users to work and learn cooperatively. For example, Write allows several users to collaboratively create a document. Read allows several users to read the same document or a teacher to share a book with an entire classroom. Memorize allows a group of users to play a game together.
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Another class of Activities allow users to write software. A variety of computer languages such as Logo, SmallTalk, CSound, and Python are supported within the TurtleArt, Etoys, TamTam, and Pippy Activities.
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All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2
-
-This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
-This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
-
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
-
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
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Preamble
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
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b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
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c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
-
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
-
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-
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
-
-
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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-
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
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b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
-
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
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8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
-
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
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NO WARRANTY
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11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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Play with Turtle Art to draw colorful art patterns using a turtle that accepts instructions for movement.
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With visual programming blocks, you can snap together programs by compiling (combining) them in ways to create anything you can imagine.
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What am I learning?
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You are learning how to build a set of instructions for a pretend turtle to follow. With repeating instructions and conditional following of the instructions, your pretend turtle can draw shapes and lines over and over again with interesting results.
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Why is this important?
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You learn to predict what each instruction will cause the turtle to create with line art. It helps you detect patterns, understand the repetition of instructions, and understand following instructions only when a certain condition is met, which is important in computer programming, mathematics, and science.
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The numbers commands allow you to perform math in your commands.
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number – specify the number you want to use in the operation.
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+ – performs addition: 5 + 3 = 8
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- – performs subtraction: 5 – 3 = 2
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X – performs multiplication: 5 x 3 = 15
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/ – performs division: 5 / 3 = 1.67
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mod – gets the remainder after division: 5 mod 3 = 2 [That is, 5 / 3 = 1 r. 2]
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This is similar to the example for the repeat, but in this case we are changing the color each time it repeats. We take the current value of color (which is 0 the first time through) and add 2 to it, giving us 2 for the color on the second loop, 4 for the third and so on.
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One note on the color: If you increase the color value each time then when it gets to be more than 99 it starts over again at 0.
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With the SetColor command, you enter a number that represents the colors shown in the table below. If you use SetColor 19, your turtle draws a bright yellow line.
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What shape will this set of commands make? Try it and see.
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Drag each puzzle piece onto the turtle's floor. Next, click the bar next to the piece, then type numbers to enter the number values you see, such as color and shade. Once all the pieces are locked together, click the first puzzle piece to start your turtle.
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Did your turtle draw this shape?
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If your turtle didn't draw the shape of an uppercase A, or if the color is different, check each puzzle piece one at a time, pretending that you are the turtle trying to understand the command you gave it. When you see a number or a piece that is out of place, change it and try again.
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Turtle Art allows you to create drawings using the Logo programming language. You can see what programmers do to make programs by giving the turtle programming commands.
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Start by clicking the + on the Blocks menu to see the tools you use to create your drawings by moving the turtle and having him draw colored lines.
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When you start Write, you can immediately begin typing. Text is input behind the cursor, which appears as a vertical line like this | on the screen.
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Naming your document
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You can name your document by typing into the field found on the Activity tab in the upper left hand corner of the screen.
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Below, the name of the document has been changed to "The Emotion Machine."
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Inserting pictures
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You can place pictures in your text either from the Journal or the clipboard.
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From the Journal: Click the Image tab, and then click the Insert button to open a dialog box for searching in the Journal for Images.
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Searching the Journal for images
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Here is a picture of the author for this quote, Marvin Minsky.
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You can reposition the image by clicking on it, then dragging it. Gray boxes in each corner work like "handles" you can drag to resize (rescale) the image.
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Tip: You can include an image of a web page in a Write document. Type alt + 1 while in the Browse Activity to save an image of a web page in the Journal. (It will be named "Screenshot"). Insert the screenshot into your Write document using the Insert Image dialog.
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Editing
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Just like other word processors on computers, Write supports copy, paste, cut, undo and redo. Buttons are on the Edit tab. Also, you can use keyboard shortcuts: ctrl + c (copy); ctrl + v (paste); ctrl + x (cut); ctrl + z (undo); and ctrl + y (redo).
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Highlight the text you would like to copy by dragging the cursor across it with the left mouse-button depressed. This example shows the words "Marvin Minsky" highlighted.
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Click the Copy button or press ctrl + c. Sugar copies the text to the clipboard.
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Press ctrl + v or click the Paste button to insert text. Sugar pastes the text where the cursor is blinking.
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You can also drag images from the clipboard or drag ones that are already pasted into the document.
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Formatting characters
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Write supports a number of character formats: bold, italic, underline, color, point size (small and large), and font family (e.g., serif and sans-serif).
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Change the selected text using the pull-down menu on the Text tab.
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Bold text by clicking the Bold button or pressing ctrl + b.
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Italicize text by clicking the Italics button or pressing ctrl + i.
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Underline text by clicking the Underline button or pressing ctrl + u.
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Change color by opening the color palette (click the square on the Text tab).
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Click on the multicolored circle or triangle to select a color. Click the OK button when you have made your choice.
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Use the pull-down menu to select the font family.
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Formatting paragraphs
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Paragraph alignment is set with the pull-down menu on the Edit tab.
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The example below is left justified.
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The example below is right justified.
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The example below is centered.
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The example below is justified (it looks like a newspaper column).
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Formatting with styles
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The drop-down menu on the Format tab has additional paragraph styles, such as bulleted list, dashed list, numbered list, and others. You can try them all by clicking the drop-down list.
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Inserting tables
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Use the Table tab to insert tables into your document. By dragging the mouse across the left-hand icon (the grid), you can select the size and dimensions of the table. Other buttons let you add or remove rows and columns.
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Note: Tables are a bit finicky, meaning they may not behave exactly as you expect. Take care when you use them and don't rely on a table for meaning.
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Saving your work
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Write automatically saves your work to the Journal. You can resume editing a document clicking its icon in the Journal.
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By default, Write stores documents in the ODT file format. ODT is the OpenDocument format for text documents and this format can be opened with OpenOffice.
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However, there are times when you may prefer to output your document in another format. The Keep button lets you save a copy of your document in rich text (RTF), hypertext (HTML), or plain text (TXT) formats in the Journal.
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Importing documents
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Write can import a variety of file formats, including Microsoft Word® DOC files. If you have a DOC file in your Journal (or on removable media), you can open it in Write using the Resume button.
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In the example below, a Word document is opened in Write from a USB storage device.
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The Write Activity supports collaborative (peer) editing, which means that multiple people can edit the same document at the same time.
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To start a collaboration, either:
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send an invitation, or
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share with the Neighborhood
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As with all Sugar Activities, invitations go to specific individuals, but sharing is open to anyone in the Neighborhood View. Please see the chapter on Collaboration in the Sugar Manual for more details about invitations and sharing.
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Open a Document
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Send an invitation
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Go to the Neighborhood View or Group View to share your document. Click a friend's XO icon to send an Invite request.
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Receive an invitation
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Once you've invited your friend, have him or her click the Write icon in the Frame that's the color of your Sugar XO icon to accept the invitation.
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Accept the invitation
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Have your friend click the Write icon in the Frame and choose Join.
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Sharing Write
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Once you and your friends have shared the Write Activity, everyone sees the same document.
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Two people typing
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No need to take turns. Changes appear simultenously in all copies of the shared document.
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The Journal entry has the color of the person who shared the document (see below).
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The detail view has the icon of the person who shared the document (see below).
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Note to parents and teachers
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Collaboration is a powerful feature of Write, but it is recommended that when you do collaborate, keep the number of people editing the same document to just 2–3 people. Otherwise, there tend to be delays that cause the document to get out of synch from one computer to another. Also, try to avoid using too many large pictures or tables when collaborating, as these objects tend to get scrambled.
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All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2
-
-This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
-This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
-
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
-
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
-
-
Preamble
-
-
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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-
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
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-
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
-
-
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
-
-
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
-
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
-
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
-
-
-
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
-
-
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
-
-
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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-
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
-
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
-
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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-
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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-
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
-
-
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
-
-
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
-
-
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
-
-
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
-
-
-
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
-
-
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
-
-
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
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NO WARRANTY
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11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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When you have finished writing and editing a letter in Write, you can transfer it to e-mail.
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To do this, begin by opening the Write Activity and composing your letter. When you finish writing it, click the Edit tab at the top of the page. Select the Copy icon (the third from the left at the top) and click it. Then open the Browser and go to your e-mail account. Start a new message. Press ctrl + v to paste the text from Write to your e-mail message. Once you paste, the e-mail contains the letter you wrote in Write.
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Attaching Photos
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If you would like to attach a photo from the Record Activity to your e-mail, you can do that too. Your e-mail should have something that says "Attach files" or something similar. Select it. It offers you the opportunity to "Browse" (they are referring to looking for the photo, not to the Browse Activity). Click that. It opens the Journal page for you. Select the photo you want and click on it. Then click "Attach". It is then ready to send with your e-mail.
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The Dadaists, a cultural movement that began in Europe towards the end of World War I (1916) invented a number of art-construction techniques, including collage and photo montage. Many of their works were collaborative, including exquisite corpse, a method by which a collection of words or images was collectively assembled. Each collaborator adds to a composition in turn, either by following a rule or by being allowed to see the end of what the previous person contributed.
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A shared instance of Write can be used in a similar way to create a collaborative story, poem, rhyme, or group stream of consciousness.
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Using Write for group storytelling
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It is fun and easy to use Write for group storytelling. Simply share a document with a group of friends (or your class); take turns opening the document and adding to the story.
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Steps:
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Open a document in Write.
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Type in a rule on the first line for everyone to follow. (Some examples are listed below.)
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Go to the Activity tab.
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Select "Share with Neighborhood".
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One at a time, each person in the group should open the shared document by clicking it in the Neighborhood View.
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During their turn, they should follow the rule to add to the end of the story.
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They should exit Write after they have added to the story. (Important: the person who originally shared the document should not exit Write until everyone has taken their turn.)
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After each person has added to the story, the person who started the story should read it aloud to the group.
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Examples
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Add a sentence that continues the theme of a story.
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Add a new sentence that starts with the last word of the sentence that comes before it.
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Add a new word that begins with the same letter as the last letter of the word before it.
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Add an adjective after a noun, a noun after an adjective.
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Add a word with one more letter than the word before it (this gets hard for a large group!)
The Write Activity serves as the document creation Activity in Sugar. Its simple interface provides an easy starting point for children, presenting tools that make writing a story, poem, or essay simple and straightforward. It also supports tools for inserting images, creating tables, and performing layout operations.
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The Write Activity utilizes the Journal—your work is automatically saved. The Activity also supports collaboration in the form of peer editing, group storytelling, etc.
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The Write Activity can be used to open and edit most common file formats, including ODT, DOC, RTF, TXT, and HTML.
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Tip of the hat
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Write is based upon Abiword; the Sugar port was done by J.M. Maurer, Martin Sevior, Tomeu Vizoso and Robert Staudinger
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Writing is one of the most powerful means of personal expression ever invented. The expression, "the pen is mightier than the sword" has rung true through out history.
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It is important that the world hear your voice and you can make you voice heard, whether through a blog, a letter to the editor, a comment on a page in the Wikipedia, or by some other means. Write gives the power of expression as well as the means to share your expression with others.
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If you want to write a letter to the editor, you first need to look in the newspaper or on the paper's web site to find their e-mail address for letters. Some newspapers have a policy of publishing all appropriate letters sent to the editor, but most are more selective. All require you to include your complete name, address, and a contact telephone number. You can, however, request that your letter be published with "name withheld" if you want. Most editors call you to verify that you really did write the letter before printing it. They also reserve the right to edit your letter to fit the available space on the page.
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If you keep your letter short and to the point, you have a better chance of experiencing the thrill of seeing your own words in print. Good luck!
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Examples
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Children in the Galadima School in Abuja, Nigeria used Write to write letters to the president of Nigeria with suggestions about how he could improve the conditions of school for all the children of Nigeria.
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Children in Ban Samkha, Thailand used Write to share ideas with their teachers, their families, and their community.
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Children in Khairat, India use Write (and Record) to survey their village and compile a report to the community.
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Children in Uruguay and Colombia are writing blog entries, also known as blogging. Blog entries are typically chronologically ordered essays or stories.
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Other learning activities
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Start a school newspaper.
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Write an autobiography.
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Interview someone from your community.
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Write an article for the Wikipedia about your community.
The late Don Murray taught generations of journalists how to write. He had three simple rules for great writing:
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revise
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revise
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revise
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Revision is an essential part of the writing process and one of the easiest and most effective ways to revise is to share the burden of editing among your friends. Hand your writing to a friend, who will read it and make comments and suggestions. You return the favor by doing the same for your friend's writing.
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A peer is a classmate, or someone your age, or someone who shares an interest with you.
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Editing is the process of offering compliments about what you like, honest critique of what you don't like or don't understand, and also making corrections, such as identifying spelling mistakes or grammatical errors.
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Thus, peer editing is simply editing by a peer!
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-Writing is difficult and it is easy to become discouraged, so it is important that a peer editor make positive comments. Always start by saying something you like about the writing.
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At the same time, it is important to be honest and thorough in your criticism. We can learn though acknowledging and correcting our mistakes, but we often need feedback to become aware of where we can make improvements in our writing.
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Using Write for peer editing
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It is fun and easy to use Write for peer editing. Simply share your document with a friend, who then can make comments and corrections directly in your document.
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Steps:
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-
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Open the document you are working on in Write by "resuming" it from the Journal.
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Go to the Neighborhood View.
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Find your peer's XO icon.
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Use the hover menu to send an invitation to join Write.
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Go back to the Write Activity and watch as your friend makes edits.
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Thank your friend for helping you learn to be a better writer.
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Alternative
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You can have two instances of Write open so that you can be editing your friend's document while your friend edits yours.
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Steps:
-
-
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Open the document you are working on in Write by "resuming" it from the Journal.
-
Go to the Neighborhood View.
-
Find your peer's XO icon.
-
Use the hover menu to send an invitation to join Write.
-
Wait for your friend to sent you an invitation to join Write.
-
Accept the invitation.
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Edit your friend's document, remembering to be positive, yet thorough.
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Thank your friend for helping you learn to be a better writer.
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Hint
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When editing, chose a color that stands out, such as red or blue. This color difference makes it easier for your friend to see what changes you have made.
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As is the case with most Activities, Write can be launched in multiple ways:
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from the Home View
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from the Journal
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from an invitation
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from a shared session
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Opening from the Home View
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Resume editing an existing document
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From the Journal you can open an existing Write document by clicking its icon.
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Accepting an invitation to Write
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You can also join a shared Write session by accepting an invitation from someone else. To do this you must accept the invitation from the top of the Frame (or upper-left corner of the screen).
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Invitations appear in the upper-left corner of the screen in all views.
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Joining a shared Write session
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If Write is shared in the Neighborhood View, you can join the shared session by clicking the Write icon.
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-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
-
-Help document the world of free software! Contribute to manuals about your favorite free software here. Click on a manual below to view chapters and start writing. editing, or cleaning up the images and layout.
-
- If you would like to try editing pages to learn the tools without doing so on a 'real' manual you can use the Testing trial manual.
-
-
-
-
When writing the material there are a few things to remember:
- * only use one Heading One (h1) for the chapter, at the top of the page
- * bold technical terms when first used
- * explain every step, and include clear screen shots for every step
- * explain all jargon 'inline'
- * make no references to chapters before or after
-
-
- Glossary
- 'Glossary' is a collection of short explanations of technological terms. They contain 'h2' titles so you can use them in a chapter or in a glossary at the end of the manual. Use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to the Glossary!
- Glossary
-
- Snippets
- Snippets are generally useful but not specific to any particular software. Snippets have 'h2' headings so you can nest them within chapters. You can use an include syntax (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to Snippets!
- Snippets
-
- What is?
- 'What is' chapters describe technological concepts. These are longer 'chapter length' explanations that start with a 'h1'. You can use an include syntax such as (see FLOSS Manuals manual) within a chapter. Please add more chapters to 'What is'!
- What is
-
A computer network is a grouping of connected computers.
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Types of networks
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Networks are typically described by their scale: local-area network (LAN) covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building; wide-area network (WAN), covering a relatively broad geographic area (such as one city to another and one country to another country), Metropolitan-Area (MAN) connecting multiple local-area networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate village, town, city or area.
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Sometimes networks are described by the hardware that connects the computers: satellite, optical fiber, Ethernet, wireless, and so on. Some networks use physical connections—wired—while others use radio waves—wireless.
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You can name a network based on its functional relationship: client-server, peer-to-peer are good examples.
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Finally, you can talk about networks by topology. Topology means the logical relations between devices. Examples include: bus, star, mesh, tree, etc.
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OLPC XO networks
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A typical OLPC XO network would be local-area, wireless, peer-to-peer, mesh. However, the XO supports (directly or indirectly) a variety networks.
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The most common scenarios all utilize the built-in wireless radios:
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Simple mesh: XOs talking to each other without Internet access;
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Infrastructure: XOs connecting to the Internet through a preexisting access point (AP);
-
School server: XOs talking to each other and the Internet through a school server.
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Simple mesh network
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Infrastructure network
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School server network
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The school server
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Part of the OLPC deployment model is to utilize school servers. These servers are designed to provide a gateway to the Internet, a local content repository, back-up, school management, etc. As important as all of these services, their most critical role is to scale the local-area network. Without a school server, the largest network that can be maintained is approximately 20 laptops. Each school server can maintain a network of approximately 120 laptops.
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The reasons for this difference include:
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By maintaining state information, the school server eliminates the need for much of the multicast traffic, which puts a heavy load in the network
-
The school server can unify up to three separate mesh channels.
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What is the Internet?
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The Internet consists of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic, public, and private networks. The Internet carries various information resources and services, such as electronic mail, chat, documents, online gaming, and the the World Wide Web (WWW).
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Get me the Internet!
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Although the OLPC ecosystem provides a self-configuring local-area wireless network, connectivity to the Internet is something that needs to be worked out on an individual basis.
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Glossary of Network-related terms
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mesh network
a wireless mesh network is a communications network made up of radio nodes in which nodes can forward information on behalf of each other so that even nodes that are not in direct radio contact can communicate via nodes that are between them. The collective coverage area of the radio nodes working as a single network becomes a mesh cloud.
infrastructure mode
network connectivity through a WiFi access point, e.g., 802.11b/g
mesh mode
network connectivity through a mesh network (The Mesh Routing Protocol used in the OLPC laptop (OLPC-Mesh) is based on the 802.11s standard being developed by the 802.11 Task Group S [http://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/tgs_update.htm].)
simple mesh mode
a mesh network that is running between laptops without a School Server
school server mesh mode
a mesh network that is mediated by a School Server
mesh channel
the laptops use three channels for communication: 1, 6, and 11; in simple mesh mode, the laptops can only see other laptops on the same channel; in a School Server mesh, laptops on all channels are visible
access point (AP)
an AP is a device that connects wireless communication devices together to form a wireless network. The AP usually connects to a wired network and can relay data between wireless devices and wired devices. Several APs can link together to form a larger network.
mesh portal point
a mesh node that serves as a gateway (portal) to a network external to the mesh
One Laptop per Child (OLPC) is a project started by Nicholas Negroponte at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with a core of MIT Media Lab personnel. The organization has grown to include passionate people creating software and hardware and sustainable community involvement to fulfill the educational mission of OLPC.
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The mission for OLPC is simple yet compelling: To create educational opportunities for the world's poorest children by providing each child with a rugged, low-cost, low-power, connected laptop with content and software designed for collaborative, joyful, and self-empowered learning.
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While your XO typically runs on battery power with charging required for a certain number of hours of use, you can look for sources of power beyond the AC adapter included with your laptop. Or look for ways to modify the AC adapter to accept different ways of charging the battery. This chapter discusses some of those advanced power modification ideas.
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Note: Early prototypes of an OLPC laptop shown with hand cranks on the side were not developed fully due to concerns about mechanical stress on the case and the lack of an efficient ratio for the amount of time spent generating electricity physically compared to using the laptop. Read more discussion about kinetic energy converting to electric power at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Battery_and_power.
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Replacement Chargers
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If you misplace or damage your power adapter, you can replace it, by ordering from one of several vendors and community groups here at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Spare_parts.
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Any charger whose jack fits into the XO's power port and outputs the right polarity between 11 and 18 volts will work.
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Charging using a solar panel or car battery adapter
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With the right connector that fits your XO's DC input on the left side of the XO, you can connect to alternative power peripherals such as a solar panel, foot pedal, or car adapter to charge your XO battery. The specifications above for the DC jack size and voltage output requirements should drive your decision.
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Although your XO is tough, try to keep it dry and clean. Here are some tips for taking care of it:
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Carry it carefully to avoid dropping it.
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Don't step on it or sit on it.
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If it gets dirty, wipe it with a damp cloth and dry it.
-
Do not dip it into water. If it gets wet, such as from rain, let it dry completely before using it.
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The XO laptop has no hard drive and only two internal cables. With care it can be dissassembled for repair. For added robustness, the XO's plastic walls are thicker than other laptops. Its green mesh network antennae give a better wireless connection than typical laptops. Plus, they double as external covers for the USB ports, which are protected internally as well. Internal bumpers protect the screen display by cushioning it.
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The XO needs its battery or to be plugged into a wall directly. The laptop will run from either source of power. When you get your battery it should come with some amount of charge. Use the following instructions to install your battery and charge your laptop.
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This is the XO battery. The battery goes on the back of your XO.
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Installing the battery
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Line up the four tabs on the new battery with the long edge furthest from the catches.
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Drop the battery into place.
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Slide the left-hand side catch to the left, and press the battery gently into place.
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Slide the right-hand side catch to the left, to lock the battery in place.
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Charging the battery
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Ensure that the battery is in the back of the XO's case.
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Plug the power cord into your XO.
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Plug the other end of the power cord into the nearest power source, such as the one connected to the school's generator or a 12 Volt car battery.
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Plugging in your XO
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You can use your XO while it is plugged in, when you are charging the battery or when you have a good source for power. For power sources, you can use the generator supplied by your school, the electrical grid, or another source of electricity.
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When to charge the battery
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The battery icon in the Frame fills with color, showing you the current charge, or amount of power in the battery. Move the pointer over the battery icon to see how full the battery is. While the battery charges, the battery light near the power button (shaped like a battery) should display yellow, turning to green when the battery is fully charged. A red light tells you that the battery is running very low and you should charge it soon.
-
-
Troubleshooting
-
-
If your battery charge gets extremely low during shipping, your XO may not start up. Plugging in external power may not charge the battery.
-
-
The solution is to remove the battery, power up the laptop on external power and then insert the battery. Then it will charge and the charging light will be on.
-
All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2
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-This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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-This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
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-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
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- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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Preamble
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
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b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
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c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
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8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
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NO WARRANTY
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11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
-
Your XO has three USB ports that can be used to connect an external mouse, keyboard, storage devices, and possibly other hardware additions with appropriate support.
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Connecting to the Internet without wireless access
-
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You can use a USB to Ethernet connector for a wired connection to the Internet. Examples of products that work include the Linksys USB100M and the Zoltan Tech USB2.0 Fast Ethernet adapter, which cost about USD $10-$25. For a current list of USB Ethernet devices go to http://wiki.laptop.org/go/USB_ethernet_adaptors.
-
Welcome to XO-land! You are about to start on a wonderful adventure of exploration and learning. The cute little green and white machine in the box is the tool that will enable you to travel the world via the Internet, compose and play music, create works of art, do science experiments, take photos and videos, communicate with friends and family via e-mail, and even learn to do a little computer programming.
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But the XO represents a lot more than that. It is a symbol of your commitment to the education of the children of the world. OLPC is not a computer project, it is an education project. We hope you will proudly enjoy using your XO as children around the world do.
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Before you get started, please read through this guide so you will have an idea of what to expect.
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The first thing you need to do is carefully unpack your XO. Save everything! If you don't, you may accidentally throw away something important. Be sure to save the box, packing materials, and any paperwork that is in the box.
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Before you use your XO for the first time, you should fully charge the battery. The Battery section below shows you how to install the battery and connect the charger.
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While you wait for it to charge, read through the rest of this guide and see what you can do!
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An entire community built this XO and everything on it, and we want to help you with it. OLPC has proven that volunteer-driven support works, often with far more heartfelt caring than any corporate help desk!
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If you have any questions about the XO, ask a teacher for help, a friend, or search on the Internet. If you have a question about your XO, there is a very good chance it is already answered within our expanding Support FAQ / RTFM knowledge base:
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Then look into the http://support.laptop.org web site's extensive helpful guidance for exploring and fixing your XO, allowing you to solve challenging issues right alongside others. Specifically, check out:
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If you are still unable to find an answer online, please email help@laptop.org.
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Finally, if you are satisfied with the hard work volunteers have brought you here, please consider giving back, by joining our dedicated community: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Support_Gang
-
The designers of the XO laptop designed it for primarily wireless access, so it can work well in developing nations, where it is faster and less expensive to introduce wireless connections than wired ones.
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XOs are designed to connect to other XOs using a mesh network. A mesh network allows nearby XO laptops to talk to one another directly (wirelessly) without the need for a traditional Internet Service Provider (ISP).
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The XO also supports wireless connections for direct Internet connection. Collaboration with others on Activities does not require an Internet connection.
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There are different ways to connect to the Internet:
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using a wireless access point such as a WiFi hotspot at a library or coffee shop, or a location that has a wireless router such as your house
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using a "School Server" provided by your school system
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using a USB-to-Ethernet cable that plugs into a cable modem, DSL modem, or local network such as those offered at a home or workplace
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Before you connect
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If you are going to connect at home, check with your ISP to find out if your network is protected with a password. Your router also has a password which can be found in its documentation. Become familiar with your wireless router settings so that you can troubleshoot the connection if needed. The Troubleshooting chapter offers some assistance.
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Check your current connection status as shown in the lower right area on the Frame. If you have connected successfully in the past, the XO "remembers" the connection and will connect again in the future.
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Go to a location with your XO where you know there is a Wireless Access Point (WAP) nearby.
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Find out the network name (or SSID) and its password, if it is secured with a password. The XO refers to this as the Wireless Key.
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Connecting to the network
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Go to the Neighborhood View.
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In the Search field, enter the name of the network to which you want to connect.
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- Or roll the pointer over one of the network access circles until you recognize the name of the wireless network.
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Connect by clicking the center of the circle.
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- Wireless access points are represented by circles. The fill level indicates signal strength.
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Access points that require keys have a "locked" icon.
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Access points that you have successfully connected to become "Favorites" as indicated by a star icon.
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Access points that represent the Mesh network are indicated with a target icon, with one for channel 1, one for channel 6, and one for channel 11. Hover your pointer over the access point to see if you're already connected or if you need to click to connect.
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= Connected
- = Not yet connected
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The name of the access point is displayed when you hover over it.
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The center of the circle blinks while the laptop is trying to connect.
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Enter the wireless key if prompted. You might need to ask your teacher or parent for the wireless key.
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While the XO is connecting to the network, the Access Point blinks.
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Once you are connected, the menu on the circle in the Neighborhood View changes, and you can see a circle in the lower right area of the Frame.
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If the attempt to connect fails, the circle stops blinking, but the access point icon does not appear in the Frame. Click the circle in the Neighborhood View to try again—it sometimes takes 2–3 tries to connect.
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To disconnect from the network, hover the pointer over the access point and click Disconnect on the menu.
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Once your XO is connected, you can return back to the Home View and launch the Browse Activity.
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- If you have not yet added the Browse Activity to your favorites, click the List View (left) and scroll to Browse. Add the Activity to your favorites list by clicking the star next to it (1). Launch Browse for the first time by clicking the globe icon (2). Next time, you can use the freeform view to launch it (as is done in the next step).
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If you have added the Browse Activity to your favorites list, you can click the globe icon to open the Browse Activity and test your access to the Internet.
-
- Click the globe icon to launch the Browse Activity.
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If you cannot see an Access Point with a name that you recognize, the wireless antenna might be too far away, or the Access Point might not be working properly. For more information, or if you have difficulties getting a network connection, refer to the Troubleshooting chapter.
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More information about your XO's connection:
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Your Wireless Access Point has a network name, also called an SSID, that displays in the Neighborhood View. The XO cannot recognize SSIDs that are hidden, which is configured on the access point. Refer to the Troubleshooting chapter for more information about hidden SSIDs.
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If you are connected to the Internet, your XO laptop cannot be on the mesh network, and if your XO is on a mesh network, it cannot simultaneously connect wirelessly to the Internet.
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If the XO cannot find an available Internet network point after five minutes of searching, it defaults to Mesh Network 1, which enables your XO laptop to connect to other nearby XO laptops.
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Please be patient; it can take your XO up to a minute to find newly visible networks.
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Sometimes you'll be asked to enter the "Wireless Key" again. Enter it again and repeat until your connection is complete.
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For more information about connecting, please see the Support FAQ online.
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Warning: EVERYTHING on your XO will be deleted if you use a USB storage device and the following method to reflash your XO's flash memory.
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With Internet connectivity, you can prepare yourself to reflash (restore) an XO to its factory-default settings. This procedure is called a "clean-install" and is described in more detail at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Clean-install_procedure. (Software updates can be delivered by clean-installing or by other means.)
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Clean-installing works by completely reformatting your XO with a software image stored on a USB storage device.
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Before you begin
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You will need:
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A USB storage device that has at least 1 GB of space free
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A computer with fast Internet access (this should allow you to download the required 300-400MB within about an hour)
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You will then load two special downloaded files onto your USB storage device. After that, the reflashing process takes about ten minutes.
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Preparing your USB Storage Device
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Download the OS image and its "fs.zip" file to your local computer. These are compressed files, so DO NOT open them — instead, in your browser, visit the following two pages and follow their instructions:
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Copy the resulting files onto your clean (FAT or FAT32-formatted, not quick-formatted) USB storage device.
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Your USB storage device should now contain exactly two files named something like: enxxx-n.img and fs.zip. (On some operating systems, the ".img" and ".zip" extensions may be hidden.)
-
These files should occupy a total of at least 300 MB of space.
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Unmount the USB storage device and disconnect it from your computer when it is safe to do so.
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You have now prepared yourself to restore the factory-default settings which are current at this time.
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Reinstalling your XO's Operating System
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Turn off your XO.
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Connect your prepared USB storage device to your XO.
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Next, hold down all four gamepad keys above the power button, and then push the power button to turn the XO on. You will see a message that tells you to "Release the game key to continue". Do not continue until you see this message.
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Release the gamepad keys. The reflash process runs automatically; first you will see the XO arrange and color in a grid of boxes, then the XO will display "Rebooting in 10 seconds..." The XO will then restart with a clean image.
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Enter your name for your XO and then click Next.
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Click the XO icon to change the colors and then click Done.
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Optionally, connect your XO to the Internet, then use the Control Panel to download the latest Activities.
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If something goes wrong
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If you see a "Bad hash at eblock #0" message while reflashing your XO, then it means the image you copied to the USB storage device is corrupt. You should repeat the preparation steps, perhaps with a different USB storage device, and then retry the reinstallation step.
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Advanced: Changing the XO's Operating System
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After you become comfortable with the procedure for restoring your XO to its factory-default settings, you might decide to change, upgrade, downgrade, or altogether replace your XO's operating system. There are several ways to accomplish this goal, all of which are discussed at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Change_your_OS. Some of these mechanisms (such as olpc-update and others) may be more bandwidth-efficient and easily undoable.
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Volunteer contribution is central to the educational spirit of OLPC and ways of volunteering are as varied as your interests. Consult the sections that follow to learn how to become a volunteer, based on your interests and background.
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Finally, know that there are LOTS of fun, cool people out in the world who'd like to play
- together with you, the fledgling contributor, to push this whole enterprise forward.
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Kids, siblings, and parents
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The XO is meant for the entire family to use, so learning as much as you can to help each other learn is one way to volunteer with (and for) other OLPC learners worldwide.
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You can contribute to the wiki, a web site that you can edit, at http://wiki.laptop.org to share your knowledge and XO laptop experience.
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The OLPC project is an education project above all else, so your contributions are highly valued. You can contribute by testing, developing content, mentoring, or running group activities. You can start a University chapter of OLPC users -- both formal Community Service Learning and great informal clubs exist. Details may be found at wiki.laptop.org/go/University_program.
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You can try to meet with other teachers and students within your geographic region, or look up pre-existing groups within the list of regional groups here: wiki.laptop.org/go/Regional_community_groups.
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Support Gang
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If you enjoy personally helping others, and the challenge of solving problems with learners worldwide, you would be a perfect fit for the Support Gang. We work together answering all kinds of questions about the XO, peripherals, software, volunteering, deployment, organizational development and anything else OLPC donors ask about.
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Community Support Volunteers are an extremely friendly and supportive group, who came together from all around the world, and work together closely online. We also meet weekly with invited guest speakers by phone, and in person whenever possible.
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When you volunteer, fellow volunteers and OLPC will help you get started and assist you in finding answers to difficult or unusual technical questions. Bilingual volunteers are most especially welcome. Please join us at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Support_Gang.
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Documentation
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If you would like to help others learn about the XO then you can help with the documentation. We have a dedicated team and we eagerly welcome new contributors! You don't need to be a expert on the technology to participate - you may wish to just spell check or check images. You may also be inspired to write a chapter or improve existing chapters. You can learn more on how to contribute by joining the OLPC Library mailing list http://lists.laptop.org/listinfo/library and the FLOSS Manuals mailing list http://lists.flossmanuals.net/listinfo.cgi/discuss-flossmanuals.net.
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OLPC is a world-wide program that tries to reach people in many countries, who speak many different languages. If you speak and write more than one language, you can help translate the wiki or the software. If you can help, please see http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Translation.
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Everyone is a creator: by creating and sharing something, you inevitably understand it better. Writing about the XO can also be one of the greatest contributions to helping others.
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Please consider offering your communications or media talents on the OLPC Wiki - whether by writing, designing, editing, storytelling or simply organizing - anywhere within http://wiki.laptop.org.
-
You can upload photos to a great, growing worldwide archive at http://www.flickr.com/groups/olpc. One group of photos even shows those specially taken by XO laptops themselves, using the Record Activity.
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Hardware designers and testers
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There are lots of volunteer hardware opportunities, from brainstorming about alternative power to developing peripherals to repairing XOs. You may want to develop peripherals for the XO that use its USB ports or other inputs, for health applications or beyond: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Health.
-
You may want to work on power generation and firmware coding. To find out more about all of these types of hardware projects search for those keywords at http://wiki.laptop.org.
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Software
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The XO's software is designed to be malleable because we want the help of all the people in the world who are capable of writing free software to help other people learn. To get involved, you can:
-
-The XO laptop is an educational tool designed to be put into the hands of every child. By using free and open source software and world-wide software development efforts, OLPC has championed XOs for delivery around the world in multiple languages.
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In a classroom in Peru
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The XO runs free and open software, Sugar, which allows anyone to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Many people contributing to OLPC believe that these freedoms are critical to fulfilling OLPC's educational goals.
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When you open the XO, you will see the high-resolution, easy-to-read screen that works even in direct sunlight. You can also flip the XO into a book reader mode. The XO is designed to take outdoors and it even survives the rough-and-tumble daily lives that children lead.
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We hope you learn more about the XO laptop by reading these pages, so that you can learn more with the XO laptop.
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The keyboard and touchpad—which are dust and water resistant—have special keys for additional functionality. Note that keyboards are localized for each deployment to the primary languages of that country, so your keyboard may not be an exact match with the one in this figure. Keys outlined in yellow are reserved for future features (such as the "grab" keys and the "slider bar").
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Escape key
- The escape key is labeled with an × symbol on a black circle. The escape key is most commonly used in combination with the control key to quit activities (ctrl + esc).
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Tab key
- The tab key is labeled with arrows pointing right and left. The tab key—in addition to its standard use—is used in combination with the control, shift and alt keys to cycle through open Activities. For example, alt + tab cycles forward through running Activities.
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Control key
- The control key is used in combination with other keys to issue commands. For example, ctrl + c is used to copy to the clipboard; ctrl + v is used to paste from the clipboard.
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Shift key
- The shift key is used in combination with other keys as a modifier, most commonly to shift between lowercase and uppercase in Latin-based alphabets.
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Fn key
- The function key is used in combination with other keys as a modifier. For example, fn + erase is delete; fn + up arrow is page up.
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Alt key
- The alt key is used in combination with other keys to issue commands. For example, alt + enter toggles full-screen mode; alt + spacebar toggles the tray visibility. This example works in the Browse Activity but not in the Record Activity.
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Spacebar
- The spacebar key types a space. In the future, when used in conjunction with the function key (fn), it will eventually view the source code for the currently running Activity.
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Alt Gr key
- The alt graphics key is used in combination with other keys as a modifier, most commonly to select an alternative letter or generate an accented character. The details of this functionality vary from keyboard layout to keyboard layout: for example, on the US keyboard, alt gr + j generates a € (euro sign); typing the character "a" followed by alt gr + 4 generates á.
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Arrow keys
- The arrow keys are used for navigation; combined with the function key (fn), they are used for page up, page down, home, and end.
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Language key
- The language key is found on keyboard layouts that combine Latin and non-Latin scripts. It toggles between scripts, so, for example, one can switch between typing in English and Hindi with a single keystroke. (On Latin-only keyboards, the language key has been replaced by a × and ÷ key.)
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Enter key
- The enter key—in addition to its standard use—is used in combination with modifier keys. For example, alt + enter toggles full-screen mode.
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Erase key
- The erase key deletes the character behind the cursor (backspace). fn + erase deletes the key in front of (or on) the cursor.
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Frame key
- The Frame key toggles the presence of the Frame on the screen. The Frame is the black border around the screen that holds the Activity taskbar, clipboard, wireless connections, battery level, and so on.
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Volume controls
- The volume keys lower and raise the audio level.
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Brightness controls
- The brightness keys lower and raise the brightness of the screen backlight. To turn the backlight off completely may take 7-8 button presses.
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View keys
- The four view keys, from left to right, take you to the Neighborhood view, the Group view, the Home view, and the Activity view.
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Search key
- The search key takes you directly to the Journal and places the text cursor in the search box.
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You can use key presses instead of moving the pointer for some actions on the XO. This list shows the keys that you press at the same time to get the described results. Note: not all shortcuts will work in all Activities.
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Key combination
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Description
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ctrl + c
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Copy the selection
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ctrl + v
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Paste the selection
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ctrl + x
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Cut the selection
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ctrl + u while using the Browse Activity
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Launch the Write Activity and view the source code for the current web page
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ctrl + q
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Quit an Activity
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ctrl + esc
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Quit an Activity
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alt + tab
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Cycle forward through running Activities
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shift + alt + tab
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Cycle backward through running Activities
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alt + enter
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Toggle full-screen mode
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alt + spacebar
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Toggle tray visibility. This command may not work in all applications.
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alt + 1
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Save a snapshot of the current screen into the Journal
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ctrl + alt + erase
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Restart Sugar, the operating system for the XO
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fn + 1
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Neighborhood View
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fn + 2
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Group View
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fn + 3
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Home View
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fn + 4
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Activity View
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alt + r
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Rotate the display
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esc + Frame icon key + RightArrow + fn
- (the four corners keys on the keyboard)
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Reset the touchpad if the pointer behaves strangely when you use the touchpad
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fn + spacebar
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View source code system wide. This command may not work in all applications.
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Maintenance of the XO hardware involves updating the software and firmware and keeping the case in working order.
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To update the Sugar software or Activities that run on the XO laptop, refer to the update information for software update at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Olpc-update. You might want to update all the software on your XO laptop when a new version of the software is released. It takes about 30 minutes, and you can use the following instructions to install all new updates without losing any data. Refer to the "Latest Releases" section of http://wiki.laptop.org for the most recent version number and information about updates and reasons for updating.
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Updating your XO to the latest firmware version
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Typically separate Open Firmware (OFW) updates are not neccesary because the software will contain the needed firmware updates.
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You can open, flip, and close the XO to position it in different ways.
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To open the XO
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Position the laptop with the handle away from you, and then rotate both of the antennae towards you.
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Lift the front edge of the top of laptop, and then move the top upward away from you. You can hear and feel a slight click as you first lift the top.
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To flip the XO
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You can switch the XO so that the screen lies flat and covers the keyboard. This lets you handle the gamepad buttons more easily or read electronic books (ebooks), using the arrow buttons to page forward and backward.
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Bring the display up to a 90-degree angle and rotate the antennae down.
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Rotate the display 180 degrees until it is facing backwards.
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The XO laptop has many built-in features. These include a camera, microphone, speakers and wireless antennae. In addition, the laptop allows for the attachment of other external devices. This is often done by plugging the devices into connectors (some are more commonly referred to as ports, jacks or slots).
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Physical Features
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Backlit screen
- The display functions in a full-color mode similar to other laptop displays and in an ultra-low-power, ultra-high-resolution, black-and-white mode that is readable in direct sunlight.
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1, 2 - Built-in microphone
- There is both a built-in microphone (and an external microphone jack, which supports both AC and DC sources.) As a privacy measure, an LED above the microphone (1) lights up whenever the microphone is in use.
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- 3, 8 - Built-in speakers
- Internal stereo speakers and an amplifier provide a way to play music, videos, and anything you have recorded yourself. There’s also a jack for external headphones or speakers.
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- 4 - Game pad
- Two sets of four-direction cursor-control keys can be game controllers. Since they still function when the screen is folded down into e-book mode, the XO creates a self-contained game playing pad including a controller.
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5 - Screen rotate button
- A button on the XO laptop’s display frame changes the orientation of the screen, so it can be viewed right-side-up from any direction.
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6, 7 - Built-in camera
- The XO laptop has a built-in color camera, enabling still photography and video recording. As a privacy measure, an LED above the camera (6) lights up whenever the camera is on.
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9 - Game buttons
- The game buttons can be used when the screen is folded down into e-book mode, creating a self-contained game player. The buttons are labeled with a circle, a square, a check, and an ×. These buttons are often used by Activities. For example, the circle button can be used as the shutter for the camera in the Record Activity.
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10 - Power button, indicators
- From left to right: the battery-level indicator; the power indicator; and the power button.
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Ports
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Along with offering unique connectivity options, the XO laptop can work with a wide range of external devices.
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Antennae ears
- When the wireless antennae "ears" are rotated up, they provide the XO with a connection range vastly superior to those of conventional laptops. When down, they keep dirt out of the connectors and act as a latch.
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External headphones and microphone jacks
- Along with built-in speakers and microphone, the XO laptop features jacks for external headphones and an external microphone.
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USB/memory ports
- The XO laptop features three external USB ports to support a variety of plug-in peripherals (one seen in the photo above, and two others under the other "ear").
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Power jack
- The XO comes with a power cord that can be plugged into any 110-to-240-volt AC outlet for charging. The power jack also accepts DC power from a solar panel for charging the XO laptop’s battery.
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SD memory card slot
- There is a slot underneath the display that accepts SD memory cards for photos, video, and other content. Rotate the display so that the left-hand edge is over the keyboard—the slot is then accessible from below.
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Rechargeable battery
- Since many children in the developing world live "off the grid" (in places with poor or non-existent power infrastructure), the XO laptop is designed to be extremely power efficient.
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Your XO is built and designed for repair work to be completed with only your hands and a screwdriver, and the case includes extra screws in case you need them.
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For photos and step-by-step instructions on repairing your XO or putting replacement parts in, go to http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Repair.
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The XO touchpad does not offer a click mechanism like some touchpads. You must click the long button marked with an X to select something on the screen. Sometimes the touchpad seems to behave erratically or makes the cursor jump on the screen.
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If the pointer is not following your finger on the touchpad, or if it jumps to the corners when you touch the touchpad, please try this recalibration procedure:
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Hold down the three keys at one time: the upper left, upper right, and lower right of the keyboard and the fourth key, fn, the lower leftmost key, as the last one pressed, and then release them all.
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If this doesn't help, try shutting down the laptop and removing the battery for ten seconds before restarting.
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Finally, plug a standard USB mouse into your laptop to bypass the problem.
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Checking for keys that stay down or appear stuck
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Your XO must have a developer's key to do this keyboard test. Refer to http://wiki.laptop.org for more information about developer's keys.
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Hold down the checkmark key while pushing the power button.
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After starting up, press the escape key in the upper left hand corner of the keyboard layout (a circle with an x).
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At the ok prompt, type:
- test keyboard
- and press enter.
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A blue keyboard map displays on the screen. Press keys one at a time to see the keyboard map turn the key light blue. If the display on screen shows a light blue key constantly, the keyboard has a problem with that particular key sticking. Refer to a repair center for full diagnosis and repair at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Repair_center_locations.
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Repairing damage to the keyboard
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If your keyboard becomes damaged, normally it has to be replaced. Replacements are available through the repair centers. Information on spare parts and repair centers can be found at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Repair_center_locations.
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Restoring the software to factory defaults
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If you want to completely wipe clean the XO, you may can try upgrading the activated laptop to re-flash its entire "disk image" including both its operating system and its Activities. Refer to Resetting your XO for detailed instructions. Please be aware that ALL DATA WILL BE LOST.
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Troubleshooting the internal XO hardware
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The XO can give you information about possible repairs that are needed.
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Start by pressing the power button for a second, and then answer the following questions.
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Does the Power LED half-circle light up?
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When the power button is pressed once, and the power LED doesn't turn on, first try resetting it.
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To reset the XO, remove all power sources from the laptop:
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Take the battery out and remove the power adapter.
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Wait two minutes. This allows embedded hardware to lose all power and reset itself.
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Replace at least one source of power, either the battery or power adapter, and watch the power/battery LED while you do so.
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The battery LED should flash orange momentarily (about a quarter of a second) when power is first reapplied. If you do not see this flash, you either have a motherboard hardware problem or faulty EC firmware installed. Contact a repair center for assistance.
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If the power LED doesn't turn on or flash, but the laptop proceeds to illuminate the backlight and even start, the problem may be either the LEDs themselves or the power LED driver. The LEDs are in series, so if one fails they may both fail to light.
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On rare occasions, the power button becomes stuck mechanically. In this case, the laptop does not detect the depression of the power button, and does not turn on. Ensure that the power button is moving freely by pressing it a few times.
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If the battery LED flashed on restoration of power and the power button isn't stuck, and no other signs of life are detected, then you can't determine the reason for failure. Contact a repair center for assistance.
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Does the display light up?
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After starting the XO and viewing the power LED, the next visible feedback from the XO is that the display lights up. The LCD display should be initialized with white, then begin to show text or graphics. The backlight for the screen should be turned on, even if the backlight was previously turned off.
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If this does not happen then the boot sequence may not be operating correctly. Next, look at the Microphone activity LED to see if it is lit. If the power LED and the microphone LED are both lit then a serious boot error has occurred and you should contact a repair center for assistance.
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Can you hear the startup sound when the XO starts?
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If the startup sound does not play, this usually indicates a problem that a repair center needs to fix.
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Yes, the startup sound plays
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If the display doesn't initialize, but the boot sound plays, then this is probably a problem with the display.
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No, the XO boots normally, but no boot sound plays
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If no boot sound is played, but the machine boots normally and has audio, it is possible that the default boot volume to has been changed to 0. While the boot sound is playing, you can adjust the volume using the volume adjust keys. This modified volume setting is saved and used for future boots. Try increasing the volume right after starting the laptop a few times, and see if the boot sound returns.
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Does the display remains blank after starting up?
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Sometimes the display is active (including backlight), but no text or graphics appear. This problem can be caused by removing the power to an XO while it is upgrading the firmware. You should contact a repair center for assistance.
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Does the display say "Connect power to proceed"?
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Sometimes a firmware update required two sources of power, both a battery and a power adapter. If this is the problem, provide both sources of power and reboot. The XO should proceed with a firmware update and boot normally.
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Is the display is showing an XO icon only?
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This means that the XO has started the startup process.
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You can see much more information about your Open Firmware by holding the '✓' (check) button (above the power button) after powering on. That will make Open Firmware display more detailed messages about what it is doing during the secure boot process (including early boot messages from the Linux kernel). The messages are in English only.
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Is it showing an XO icon with a serial number and three icons below it?
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If the laptop powers up, but stops when displaying the XO icon in the middle of the screen, followed by a serial number (e.g. CSN74902B22) and three icons (SD disk, USB disk, Network signal strength), it is looking for its activation lease. This should eventually print "Activation lease not found" at the top of the screen and power-off soon thereafter.
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The solution is to re-activate the laptop. Obtain a copy of the lease (or a new lease) from your country activation manager, place it (named "lease.sig") in the top-level directory of a USB key and boot the laptop. See the "what to do with activation keys" section within: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Activation_and_Developer_Keys
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Is it showing an XO icon with a "sad face" above it?
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This means that Open Firmware couldn't find a signed operating system on the internal flash memory. Firmware bootup will also look on USB memory sticks and SD cards for signed operating system software.
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If laptops powers up, but stops when just displaying the XO icon in the middle, with a single dot below it, it means that something was wrong when the Linux operating system started. When this happens, try upgrading or reinstalling the XO.
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You do not need to remove the battery unless it is faulty. For example, a faulty battery might not charge, or might lose its power very quickly. Here are instructions for removing a faulty battery.
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Removing the battery
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Shut down the XO by going to the Home View, clicking the XO icon, and then clicking Shutdown.
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Close the lid, and turn the XO over, so that the XO logo is on the underside.
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Slide the right-hand side catch further to the right. It does not come off.
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Slide the left-hand side catch further to the left. Note that this catch is spring loaded so you must hold it in the desired position.
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Lift the battery out from the central indentation between the two catches.
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-To re-insert the battery, refer to the Charging chapter.
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Which wireless devices may work well with my XO?
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The hardware that provides the wireless connection can affect whether the XO laptop can connect either to the Mesh network or to the Internet.
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A Wireless Access Point Compatibility table at wiki.laptop.org/go/Wireless_Access_Point_Compatibility gives some information about manufacturers of wireless hardware, the model number, and some notes about its compatibility.
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To start the XO, press the Power button, near the lower right corner of the screen. The XO takes about two minutes to start up.
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If the battery needs charging, the light next to the power button glows red. Plug the AC adaptor into the left side of the XO and plug the power cord into an outlet if you see a red light or if the XO does not start up.
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If you have difficulty starting your XO, refer to the Repairing chapter for ideas.
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Starting for the first time
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After you press the power button and the XO initially starts up, the XO sceen asks for your first name. The next time you start it, it remembers your name and goes directly to the Home View. Later on you can learn how to change to a nick name of your choosing.
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Type your name.
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After you enter your name, click Next.
- (Use a finger on the touchpad below the keyboard to move the arrow over the word "Next". Press the key below the touchpad on the left with an "X" on it to "click".)
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Next, you see a small O on top of an X. This symbol represents you when you use your XO. Use your finger on the touchpad to move the arrow over the person symbol. "Click" this person symbol by pressing the key with an "X" on the left below the touchpad to choose colors that you like.
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After you chose your colors, click "Done."
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Shutting down the XO
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When you have finished using the computer, go to the Home View by pressing the key in the top row, left of center, with a single dot in a black circle.
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Click the middle XO icon to see a menu.
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On the menu, click Shutdown to ensure that your laptop stops properly.
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You should always follow this Shutdown procedure because it allows your XO to tidy up its internal files before it turns itself off, and that helps the XO know where to find things when you start up again. However, if something bad happens and you can't move the pointer or you can't click, you can make an emergency shutdown by pressing and holding the power button for a few seconds. Be careful that your power button does not get "stuck" in the down position. If it does get stuck, the XO does not detect the depression of the power button, and does not turn on. If this happens, refer to the Repairing chapter for information.
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To start the XO, press the Power button, near the lower right corner of the screen. The XO takes about two minutes to start up.
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If the battery needs charging, the light next to the power button glows red. Plug the AC adaptor into the left side of the XO and plug the power cord into an outlet if you see a red light or if the XO does not start up.
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If you have difficulty starting your XO, refer to the Repairing chapter for ideas.
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Starting for the first time
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After you press the power button and the XO initially starts up, the XO sceen asks for your first name. The next time you start it, it remembers your name and goes directly to the Home View. Later on you can learn how to change to a nick name of your choosing.
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Type your name.
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After you enter your name, click Next.
- (Use a finger on the touchpad below the keyboard to move the arrow over the word "Next". Press the key below the touchpad on the left with an "X" on it to "click".)
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Next, you see a small O on top of an X. This symbol represents you when you use your XO. Use your finger on the touchpad to move the arrow over the person symbol. "Click" this person symbol by pressing the key with an "X" on the left below the touchpad to choose colors that you like.
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After you chose your colors, click "Done."
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Shutting down the XO
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-
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When you have finished using the computer, go to the Home View by pressing the key in the top row, left of center, with a single dot in a black circle.
-
Click the middle XO icon to see a menu.
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On the menu, click Shutdown to ensure that your laptop stops properly.
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-
-
You should always follow this Shutdown procedure because it allows your XO to tidy up its internal files before it turns itself off, and that helps the XO know where to find things when you start up again. However, if something bad happens and you can't move the pointer or you can't click, you can make an emergency shutdown by pressing and holding the power button for a few seconds. Be careful that your power button does not get "stuck" in the down position. If it does get stuck, the XO does not detect the depression of the power button, and does not turn on. If this happens, refer to the Repairing chapter for information.
-
You can look at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Support_FAQ for many technical troubleshooting tips, but you should read through all the information on this page to troubleshoot the wireless connectivity yourself.
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Understanding wireless router configuration
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Connect your router to any computer, and then use a web browser to view the router's configuration page and change the router's settings.
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Here are some common router manufacturer's administrative addresses, usernames, and passwords used for configuring router information. To find a more complete list, you may try visiting another computer that has an internet connection (for example, the local library) and searching the Internet for router default logins.
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Router
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Address
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Username
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Password
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3Com
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http://192.168.1.1
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admin
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admin
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D-Link
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http://192.168.0.1
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admin
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Linksys
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http://192.168.1.1
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admin
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admin
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Broadband
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http://192.168.2.1
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admin
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admin
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Netgear
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http://192.168.0.1
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admin
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password
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If you are unable to connect a computer to your router to do this, call your Internet Service Provider and ask them for assistance. They should be able to access your router remotely, get the needed information for you, and even make any needed changes.
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Your wireless router settings may contain Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) for security protection. Find out which type of security it uses and the passphrase either by asking your ISP or by using the router's configuration pages.
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-
-
Based on the type of security system being used (WPA or WEP), the Wireless Key type varies. For WPA, you use a Passphrase key (for example, "password", "tHisisAp4ssword"). For WEP, use either a Hex key (for example, "4f4c504321", usually all keys that consist of only of 0-9 and a-f) or its corresponding ASCII key ("OLPC!"). 40-bit Hex keys are 10 letters/numbers long, corresponding to 5 letter/number ASCII keys.
-
-
-
-
Common connectivity problems and solutions
-
-
Inability to connect with an Access Point from the Neighborhood View is the most commonly reported symptom. The symptom is usually a flashing circle icon where the access point circle icon never appears in the Frame or the circle's menu never contains "Connected." This flashing animation indicates the XO is trying to connect, but the lack of connection indicators tells you that it fails to connect. If this happens, try the troubleshooting suggestions just below.
-
-
Is the wifi hotspot dot visible in the Neighborhood View?
-
-
Go to the Neighborhood View and type the name of your SSID in the Seach box to highlight your access point. Each circle network icon represents a Service Set Identifier (SSID). On one of the icons in the Neighborhood View, you should see your Wi-Fi hotspot's network name.
-
-
-
-
-
-
If you cannot see the network name there may be a few reasons for this, so continue troubleshooting.
-
-
Is the name of the network a hidden SSID?
-
-
If your SSID/Network Name is set to be Hidden in the router configuration, it is not possible for the XO to connect to your wireless network through the Sugar User Interface.
-
-
You may connect manually by typing commands in the Terminal Activity. To do so, launch the Terminal Activity and type these commands:
-
As an explanation, the su command creates a root process. The iwconfig command connects to your hidden network (of course, substitute the name of your access point for the string myhiddennetwork in the above example). Finally, dhclient asks for an IP address from the access point.
-
-
Is your Wi-Fi router filtering connections based on a MAC Address?
-
-
You can prevent other computers from using your wireless router by configuring it to filter by MAC Address. A MAC Address is a unique address embedded in your computer's network adapter. While MAC address filtering is not a secure method of protecting a network, some routers use it, and it could prevent your XO from using that access point.
-
-
To fix a filtering problem, you can find the MAC Address and add it to the list of allowed computers that can connect with the wireless router.
-
-
To do so, launch the Terminal Activity and type these commands:
-
-
/sbin/ifconfig -a eth0
-
-
The MAC address is in the first line next to the HWAddr tag: and is in the form of "00:17:C4:XX:XX:XX"
-
-
In the WiFi router configuration for filtering, add the MAC Address you found with the ifconfig command.
-
-
Is your WiFi router configured to support 802.11b or 802.11g or both?
-
-
Read the documentation for your wireless router to determine how to configure it for 802.11g support, or to determine if it is using the 802.11g protocol. In this example, the Mode drop-down list is where you would look for protocol settings. It may not work to have both g and b modes as shown, so try different configurations to see if another configuration works.
-
-
-
-
Are the access point settings not in channels 1, 6, or 11?
-
-
Is your access point working on another channel that is not in 1, 6, or 11? For some older builds, the XO expects to find access points in one of these three channels, the three non-interfering channels available to 802.11g wireless protocol.
-
-
Try changing your access point to one of the three channels and check if you can associate your XO to it. Refer to your access point's documentation for information on changing the frequency channel that your access point broadcasts on. This image shows an example of the settings for a wireless router. The Channel field is where you change the frequency setting.
-
-
-
-
-
Why can't the XO Browse when connected?
-
-
Symptom: Your XO shows that your Internet connection is working, but you cannot browse or search any pages.
-
-
Most likely, the XO has failed to receive DNS information from your internet access point. If this is the case, you would be able to access the Internet for sites named directly with IP addresses but not their common names. In other words, http://209.85.133.18 would work but http://www.google.com would not.
-
-
Verify what the XO has received (from the Internet access point) for DNS information by using the Browse Activity and looking at this URL:
-
-
file://localhost/etc/resolv.conf
-
-
This page should show the IP address of the DNS server assigned by the Internet access point. If there isn't an IP address on this page, or if the IP address assigned is wrong, this would account for the behavior you're seeing.
-
-
If there is no IP address, or the address is wrong, you'll need to determine why the Internet access point is failing to supply one, but this is likely to be misconfiguration of the access point.
-
-
Connecting to the Internet without wireless access
-
-
-
If you cannot successfully or consistently connect to the Internet using Wi-Fi, you can use a USB-to-Ethernet connector to hook up to a wired connection rather than wireless. Examples of products that have worked for other users include the Linksys USB100M and the Zoltan Tech USB2.0 Fast Ethernet adapter, which cost about USD $10-$25.
-
-
If you want to connect to your XO wirelessly with a dial-up connection, you can do it with an older version of Apple's Airport Extreme (A1034). Apple no longer sells them, but they are available on the Internet for between $18 and $36. Be sure the one you get has a port for the phone line, and preferably, with a phone cord included. Directions for connecting with it are on the Wiki at http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Wifi_Connectivity#Apple_Airport.
-
-
Connecting while traveling
-
-
Your XO makes a wonderful traveling companion. You can connect to a wide variety of public WiFi sites often found in community centers and libraries, even in restaurants and hotels. All you will need to do is to obtain a correct password and log on according to the instructions above. Many places will not require a password to connect and the process will be even easier. Remember, however, that passwords provide an extra layer of internet security. Without them, you run a slightly higher risk of experiencing some type of Internet fraud.
-
').appendTo(this.out);
+
+ $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+ this.startPulse();
+
+ // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+ if (this.hasIndex())
+ this.query(query);
+ else
+ this.deferQuery(query);
+ },
+
+ query : function(query) {
+ var stopwords = ["and","then","into","it","as","are","in","if","for","no","there","their","was","is","be","to","that","but","they","not","such","with","by","a","on","these","of","will","this","near","the","or","at"];
+
+ // Stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+ var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+ var searchterms = [];
+ var excluded = [];
+ var hlterms = [];
+ var tmp = query.split(/\s+/);
+ var objectterms = [];
+ for (var i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+ if (tmp[i] != "") {
+ objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+ }
+
+ if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i]) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+ tmp[i] == "") {
+ // skip this "word"
+ continue;
+ }
+ // stem the word
+ var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i]).toLowerCase();
+ // select the correct list
+ if (word[0] == '-') {
+ var toAppend = excluded;
+ word = word.substr(1);
+ }
+ else {
+ var toAppend = searchterms;
+ hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+ }
+ // only add if not already in the list
+ if (!$.contains(toAppend, word))
+ toAppend.push(word);
+ };
+ var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+ // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+ // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+ // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+ // prepare search
+ var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+ var titles = this._index.titles;
+ var terms = this._index.terms;
+ var fileMap = {};
+ var files = null;
+ // different result priorities
+ var importantResults = [];
+ var objectResults = [];
+ var regularResults = [];
+ var unimportantResults = [];
+ $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+ // lookup as object
+ for (var i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+ var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0,i),
+ objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length))
+ var results = this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others);
+ // Assume first word is most likely to be the object,
+ // other words more likely to be in description.
+ // Therefore put matches for earlier words first.
+ // (Results are eventually used in reverse order).
+ objectResults = results[0].concat(objectResults);
+ importantResults = results[1].concat(importantResults);
+ unimportantResults = results[2].concat(unimportantResults);
+ }
+
+ // perform the search on the required terms
+ for (var i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+ var word = searchterms[i];
+ // no match but word was a required one
+ if ((files = terms[word]) == null)
+ break;
+ if (files.length == undefined) {
+ files = [files];
+ }
+ // create the mapping
+ for (var j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+ var file = files[j];
+ if (file in fileMap)
+ fileMap[file].push(word);
+ else
+ fileMap[file] = [word];
+ }
+ }
+
+ // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+ for (var file in fileMap) {
+ var valid = true;
+
+ // check if all requirements are matched
+ if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+ continue;
+
+ // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the
+ // search result.
+ for (var i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+ if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+ $.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+ valid = false;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // if we have still a valid result we can add it
+ // to the result list
+ if (valid)
+ regularResults.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null]);
+ }
+
+ // delete unused variables in order to not waste
+ // memory until list is retrieved completely
+ delete filenames, titles, terms;
+
+ // now sort the regular results descending by title
+ regularResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ var left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+ var right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+ return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ // combine all results
+ var results = unimportantResults.concat(regularResults)
+ .concat(objectResults).concat(importantResults);
+
+ // print the results
+ var resultCount = results.length;
+ function displayNextItem() {
+ // results left, load the summary and display it
+ if (results.length) {
+ var item = results.pop();
+ var listItem = $('');
+ if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX == '') {
+ // dirhtml builder
+ var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+ if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+ dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+ } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+ dirname = '';
+ }
+ listItem.append($('').attr('href',
+ DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+ highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+ } else {
+ // normal html builders
+ listItem.append($('').attr('href',
+ item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+ highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+ }
+ if (item[3]) {
+ listItem.append($(' (' + item[3] + ')'));
+ Search.output.append(listItem);
+ listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+ displayNextItem();
+ });
+ } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+ $.get(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' +
+ item[0] + '.txt', function(data) {
+ if (data != '') {
+ listItem.append($.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+ Search.output.append(listItem);
+ }
+ listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+ displayNextItem();
+ });
+ }, "text");
+ } else {
+ // no source available, just display title
+ Search.output.append(listItem);
+ listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+ displayNextItem();
+ });
+ }
+ }
+ // search finished, update title and status message
+ else {
+ Search.stopPulse();
+ Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+ if (!resultCount)
+ Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+ else
+ Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+ Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+ }
+ }
+ displayNextItem();
+ },
+
+ performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+ var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+ var objects = this._index.objects;
+ var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+ var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+ var importantResults = [];
+ var objectResults = [];
+ var unimportantResults = [];
+
+ for (var prefix in objects) {
+ for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+ var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+ if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+ var match = objects[prefix][name];
+ var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+ var title = titles[match[0]];
+ // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+ // found in the name/title/description
+ if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+ var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+ objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+ var allfound = true;
+ for (var i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+ if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+ allfound = false;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (!allfound) {
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+ var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+ anchor = match[3];
+ if (anchor == '')
+ anchor = fullname;
+ else if (anchor == '-')
+ anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+ result = [filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr];
+ switch (match[2]) {
+ case 1: objectResults.push(result); break;
+ case 0: importantResults.push(result); break;
+ case 2: unimportantResults.push(result); break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // sort results descending
+ objectResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ importantResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ unimportantResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ return [importantResults, objectResults, unimportantResults]
+ }
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ Search.init();
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/help/_static/sidebar.js b/help/_static/sidebar.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a45e192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/help/_static/sidebar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*
+ * sidebar.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * This script makes the Sphinx sidebar collapsible.
+ *
+ * .sphinxsidebar contains .sphinxsidebarwrapper. This script adds
+ * in .sphixsidebar, after .sphinxsidebarwrapper, the #sidebarbutton
+ * used to collapse and expand the sidebar.
+ *
+ * When the sidebar is collapsed the .sphinxsidebarwrapper is hidden
+ * and the width of the sidebar and the margin-left of the document
+ * are decreased. When the sidebar is expanded the opposite happens.
+ * This script saves a per-browser/per-session cookie used to
+ * remember the position of the sidebar among the pages.
+ * Once the browser is closed the cookie is deleted and the position
+ * reset to the default (expanded).
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+$(function() {
+ // global elements used by the functions.
+ // the 'sidebarbutton' element is defined as global after its
+ // creation, in the add_sidebar_button function
+ var bodywrapper = $('.bodywrapper');
+ var sidebar = $('.sphinxsidebar');
+ var sidebarwrapper = $('.sphinxsidebarwrapper');
+
+ // for some reason, the document has no sidebar; do not run into errors
+ if (!sidebar.length) return;
+
+ // original margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+ // with the sidebar expanded
+ var bw_margin_expanded = bodywrapper.css('margin-left');
+ var ssb_width_expanded = sidebar.width();
+
+ // margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+ // with the sidebar collapsed
+ var bw_margin_collapsed = '.8em';
+ var ssb_width_collapsed = '.8em';
+
+ // colors used by the current theme
+ var dark_color = $('.related').css('background-color');
+ var light_color = $('.document').css('background-color');
+
+ function sidebar_is_collapsed() {
+ return sidebarwrapper.is(':not(:visible)');
+ }
+
+ function toggle_sidebar() {
+ if (sidebar_is_collapsed())
+ expand_sidebar();
+ else
+ collapse_sidebar();
+ }
+
+ function collapse_sidebar() {
+ sidebarwrapper.hide();
+ sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_collapsed);
+ bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_collapsed);
+ sidebarbutton.css({
+ 'margin-left': '0',
+ 'height': bodywrapper.height()
+ });
+ sidebarbutton.find('span').text('»');
+ sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Expand sidebar'));
+ document.cookie = 'sidebar=collapsed';
+ }
+
+ function expand_sidebar() {
+ bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_expanded);
+ sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_expanded);
+ sidebarwrapper.show();
+ sidebarbutton.css({
+ 'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded-12,
+ 'height': bodywrapper.height()
+ });
+ sidebarbutton.find('span').text('«');
+ sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+ document.cookie = 'sidebar=expanded';
+ }
+
+ function add_sidebar_button() {
+ sidebarwrapper.css({
+ 'float': 'left',
+ 'margin-right': '0',
+ 'width': ssb_width_expanded - 28
+ });
+ // create the button
+ sidebar.append(
+ '
«
'
+ );
+ var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+ light_color = sidebarbutton.css('background-color');
+ // find the height of the viewport to center the '<<' in the page
+ var viewport_height;
+ if (window.innerHeight)
+ viewport_height = window.innerHeight;
+ else
+ viewport_height = $(window).height();
+ sidebarbutton.find('span').css({
+ 'display': 'block',
+ 'margin-top': (viewport_height - sidebar.position().top - 20) / 2
+ });
+
+ sidebarbutton.click(toggle_sidebar);
+ sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+ sidebarbutton.css({
+ 'color': '#FFFFFF',
+ 'border-left': '1px solid ' + dark_color,
+ 'font-size': '1.2em',
+ 'cursor': 'pointer',
+ 'height': bodywrapper.height(),
+ 'padding-top': '1px',
+ 'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded - 12
+ });
+
+ sidebarbutton.hover(
+ function () {
+ $(this).css('background-color', dark_color);
+ },
+ function () {
+ $(this).css('background-color', light_color);
+ }
+ );
+ }
+
+ function set_position_from_cookie() {
+ if (!document.cookie)
+ return;
+ var items = document.cookie.split(';');
+ for(var k=0; k=e.computed&&(e={value:f,computed:g})});return e.value};b.min=function(a,c,d){if(!c&&b.isArray(a))return Math.min.apply(Math,a);var e={computed:Infinity};b.each(a,function(f,g,h){g=c?c.call(d,f,g,h):f;gf?1:0}),"value")};b.sortedIndex=function(a,c,d){d=d||b.identity;for(var e=0,f=a.length;e>1;d(a[g])=0})})};b.zip=function(){for(var a=b.toArray(arguments),c=b.max(b.pluck(a,"length")),d=new Array(c),e=0;e0?f-c:c-f)>=0)return e;e[g++]=f}};b.bind=function(a,c){var d=b.rest(arguments,2);return function(){return a.apply(c||j,d.concat(b.toArray(arguments)))}};b.bindAll=function(a){var c=b.rest(arguments);if(c.length==0)c=b.functions(a);b.each(c,function(d){a[d]=b.bind(a[d],a)});
+return a};b.delay=function(a,c){var d=b.rest(arguments,2);return setTimeout(function(){return a.apply(a,d)},c)};b.defer=function(a){return b.delay.apply(b,[a,1].concat(b.rest(arguments)))};b.wrap=function(a,c){return function(){var d=[a].concat(b.toArray(arguments));return c.apply(c,d)}};b.compose=function(){var a=b.toArray(arguments);return function(){for(var c=b.toArray(arguments),d=a.length-1;d>=0;d--)c=[a[d].apply(this,c)];return c[0]}};b.keys=function(a){if(b.isArray(a))return b.range(0,a.length);
+var c=[];for(var d in a)q.call(a,d)&&c.push(d);return c};b.values=function(a){return b.map(a,b.identity)};b.functions=function(a){return b.select(b.keys(a),function(c){return b.isFunction(a[c])}).sort()};b.extend=function(a,c){for(var d in c)a[d]=c[d];return a};b.clone=function(a){if(b.isArray(a))return a.slice(0);return b.extend({},a)};b.tap=function(a,c){c(a);return a};b.isEqual=function(a,c){if(a===c)return true;var d=typeof a;if(d!=typeof c)return false;if(a==c)return true;if(!a&&c||a&&!c)return false;
+if(a.isEqual)return a.isEqual(c);if(b.isDate(a)&&b.isDate(c))return a.getTime()===c.getTime();if(b.isNaN(a)&&b.isNaN(c))return true;if(b.isRegExp(a)&&b.isRegExp(c))return a.source===c.source&&a.global===c.global&&a.ignoreCase===c.ignoreCase&&a.multiline===c.multiline;if(d!=="object")return false;if(a.length&&a.length!==c.length)return false;d=b.keys(a);var e=b.keys(c);if(d.length!=e.length)return false;for(var f in a)if(!b.isEqual(a[f],c[f]))return false;return true};b.isEmpty=function(a){return b.keys(a).length==
+0};b.isElement=function(a){return!!(a&&a.nodeType==1)};b.isArray=function(a){return!!(a&&a.concat&&a.unshift)};b.isArguments=function(a){return a&&b.isNumber(a.length)&&!b.isArray(a)&&!r.call(a,"length")};b.isFunction=function(a){return!!(a&&a.constructor&&a.call&&a.apply)};b.isString=function(a){return!!(a===""||a&&a.charCodeAt&&a.substr)};b.isNumber=function(a){return p.call(a)==="[object Number]"};b.isDate=function(a){return!!(a&&a.getTimezoneOffset&&a.setUTCFullYear)};b.isRegExp=function(a){return!!(a&&
+a.test&&a.exec&&(a.ignoreCase||a.ignoreCase===false))};b.isNaN=function(a){return b.isNumber(a)&&isNaN(a)};b.isNull=function(a){return a===null};b.isUndefined=function(a){return typeof a=="undefined"};b.noConflict=function(){j._=n;return this};b.identity=function(a){return a};b.breakLoop=function(){throw m;};var s=0;b.uniqueId=function(a){var c=s++;return a?a+c:c};b.template=function(a,c){a=new Function("obj","var p=[],print=function(){p.push.apply(p,arguments);};with(obj){p.push('"+a.replace(/[\r\t\n]/g,
+" ").replace(/'(?=[^%]*%>)/g,"\t").split("'").join("\\'").split("\t").join("'").replace(/<%=(.+?)%>/g,"',$1,'").split("<%").join("');").split("%>").join("p.push('")+"');}return p.join('');");return c?a(c):a};b.forEach=b.each;b.foldl=b.inject=b.reduce;b.foldr=b.reduceRight;b.filter=b.select;b.every=b.all;b.some=b.any;b.head=b.first;b.tail=b.rest;b.methods=b.functions;var l=function(a,c){return c?b(a).chain():a};b.each(b.functions(b),function(a){var c=b[a];i.prototype[a]=function(){var d=b.toArray(arguments);
+o.call(d,this._wrapped);return l(c.apply(b,d),this._chain)}});b.each(["pop","push","reverse","shift","sort","splice","unshift"],function(a){var c=Array.prototype[a];i.prototype[a]=function(){c.apply(this._wrapped,arguments);return l(this._wrapped,this._chain)}});b.each(["concat","join","slice"],function(a){var c=Array.prototype[a];i.prototype[a]=function(){return l(c.apply(this._wrapped,arguments),this._chain)}});i.prototype.chain=function(){this._chain=true;return this};i.prototype.value=function(){return this._wrapped}})();
diff --git a/help/_static/up-pressed.png b/help/_static/up-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bd587a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/help/_static/up-pressed.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/help/_static/up.png b/help/_static/up.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b946256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/help/_static/up.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/help/_static/websupport.js b/help/_static/websupport.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9bd1b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/help/_static/websupport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+/*
+ * websupport.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * sphinx.websupport utilties for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+(function($) {
+ $.fn.autogrow = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ var textarea = this;
+
+ $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+
+ $(textarea)
+ .focus(function() {
+ textarea.interval = setInterval(function() {
+ $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+ }, 500);
+ })
+ .blur(function() {
+ clearInterval(textarea.interval);
+ });
+ });
+ };
+
+ $.fn.autogrow.resize = function(textarea) {
+ var lineHeight = parseInt($(textarea).css('line-height'), 10);
+ var lines = textarea.value.split('\n');
+ var columns = textarea.cols;
+ var lineCount = 0;
+ $.each(lines, function() {
+ lineCount += Math.ceil(this.length / columns) || 1;
+ });
+ var height = lineHeight * (lineCount + 1);
+ $(textarea).css('height', height);
+ };
+})(jQuery);
+
+(function($) {
+ var comp, by;
+
+ function init() {
+ initEvents();
+ initComparator();
+ }
+
+ function initEvents() {
+ $('a.comment-close').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.vote').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ handleVote($(this));
+ });
+ $('a.reply').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ openReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.close-reply').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ closeReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.sort-option').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ handleReSort($(this));
+ });
+ $('a.show-proposal').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ showProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.hide-proposal').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ hideProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.show-propose-change').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ showProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.hide-propose-change').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ hideProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.accept-comment').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ acceptComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.delete-comment').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ deleteComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ $('a.comment-markup').live("click", function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ toggleCommentMarkupBox($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Set comp, which is a comparator function used for sorting and
+ * inserting comments into the list.
+ */
+ function setComparator() {
+ // If the first three letters are "asc", sort in ascending order
+ // and remove the prefix.
+ if (by.substring(0,3) == 'asc') {
+ var i = by.substring(3);
+ comp = function(a, b) { return a[i] - b[i]; };
+ } else {
+ // Otherwise sort in descending order.
+ comp = function(a, b) { return b[by] - a[by]; };
+ }
+
+ // Reset link styles and format the selected sort option.
+ $('a.sel').attr('href', '#').removeClass('sel');
+ $('a.by' + by).removeAttr('href').addClass('sel');
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Create a comp function. If the user has preferences stored in
+ * the sortBy cookie, use those, otherwise use the default.
+ */
+ function initComparator() {
+ by = 'rating'; // Default to sort by rating.
+ // If the sortBy cookie is set, use that instead.
+ if (document.cookie.length > 0) {
+ var start = document.cookie.indexOf('sortBy=');
+ if (start != -1) {
+ start = start + 7;
+ var end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", start);
+ if (end == -1) {
+ end = document.cookie.length;
+ by = unescape(document.cookie.substring(start, end));
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ setComparator();
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Show a comment div.
+ */
+ function show(id) {
+ $('#ao' + id).hide();
+ $('#ah' + id).show();
+ var context = $.extend({id: id}, opts);
+ var popup = $(renderTemplate(popupTemplate, context)).hide();
+ popup.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').hide();
+ popup.find('a.by' + by).addClass('sel');
+ var form = popup.find('#cf' + id);
+ form.submit(function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ addComment(form);
+ });
+ $('#s' + id).after(popup);
+ popup.slideDown('fast', function() {
+ getComments(id);
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Hide a comment div.
+ */
+ function hide(id) {
+ $('#ah' + id).hide();
+ $('#ao' + id).show();
+ var div = $('#sc' + id);
+ div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+ div.remove();
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Perform an ajax request to get comments for a node
+ * and insert the comments into the comments tree.
+ */
+ function getComments(id) {
+ $.ajax({
+ type: 'GET',
+ url: opts.getCommentsURL,
+ data: {node: id},
+ success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+ var ul = $('#cl' + id);
+ var speed = 100;
+ $('#cf' + id)
+ .find('textarea[name="proposal"]')
+ .data('source', data.source);
+
+ if (data.comments.length === 0) {
+ ul.html('
No comments yet.
');
+ ul.data('empty', true);
+ } else {
+ // If there are comments, sort them and put them in the list.
+ var comments = sortComments(data.comments);
+ speed = data.comments.length * 100;
+ appendComments(comments, ul);
+ ul.data('empty', false);
+ }
+ $('#cn' + id).slideUp(speed + 200);
+ ul.slideDown(speed);
+ },
+ error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+ showError('Oops, there was a problem retrieving the comments.');
+ },
+ dataType: 'json'
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Add a comment via ajax and insert the comment into the comment tree.
+ */
+ function addComment(form) {
+ var node_id = form.find('input[name="node"]').val();
+ var parent_id = form.find('input[name="parent"]').val();
+ var text = form.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val();
+ var proposal = form.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').val();
+
+ if (text == '') {
+ showError('Please enter a comment.');
+ return;
+ }
+
+ // Disable the form that is being submitted.
+ form.find('textarea,input').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
+
+ // Send the comment to the server.
+ $.ajax({
+ type: "POST",
+ url: opts.addCommentURL,
+ dataType: 'json',
+ data: {
+ node: node_id,
+ parent: parent_id,
+ text: text,
+ proposal: proposal
+ },
+ success: function(data, textStatus, error) {
+ // Reset the form.
+ if (node_id) {
+ hideProposeChange(node_id);
+ }
+ form.find('textarea')
+ .val('')
+ .add(form.find('input'))
+ .removeAttr('disabled');
+ var ul = $('#cl' + (node_id || parent_id));
+ if (ul.data('empty')) {
+ $(ul).empty();
+ ul.data('empty', false);
+ }
+ insertComment(data.comment);
+ var ao = $('#ao' + node_id);
+ ao.find('img').attr({'src': opts.commentBrightImage});
+ if (node_id) {
+ // if this was a "root" comment, remove the commenting box
+ // (the user can get it back by reopening the comment popup)
+ $('#ca' + node_id).slideUp();
+ }
+ },
+ error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+ form.find('textarea,input').removeAttr('disabled');
+ showError('Oops, there was a problem adding the comment.');
+ }
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Recursively append comments to the main comment list and children
+ * lists, creating the comment tree.
+ */
+ function appendComments(comments, ul) {
+ $.each(comments, function() {
+ var div = createCommentDiv(this);
+ ul.append($(document.createElement('li')).html(div));
+ appendComments(this.children, div.find('ul.comment-children'));
+ // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+ this.children = null;
+ div.data('comment', this);
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * After adding a new comment, it must be inserted in the correct
+ * location in the comment tree.
+ */
+ function insertComment(comment) {
+ var div = createCommentDiv(comment);
+
+ // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+ comment.children = null;
+ div.data('comment', comment);
+
+ var ul = $('#cl' + (comment.node || comment.parent));
+ var siblings = getChildren(ul);
+
+ var li = $(document.createElement('li'));
+ li.hide();
+
+ // Determine where in the parents children list to insert this comment.
+ for(i=0; i < siblings.length; i++) {
+ if (comp(comment, siblings[i]) <= 0) {
+ $('#cd' + siblings[i].id)
+ .parent()
+ .before(li.html(div));
+ li.slideDown('fast');
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // If we get here, this comment rates lower than all the others,
+ // or it is the only comment in the list.
+ ul.append(li.html(div));
+ li.slideDown('fast');
+ }
+
+ function acceptComment(id) {
+ $.ajax({
+ type: 'POST',
+ url: opts.acceptCommentURL,
+ data: {id: id},
+ success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+ $('#cm' + id).fadeOut('fast');
+ $('#cd' + id).removeClass('moderate');
+ },
+ error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+ showError('Oops, there was a problem accepting the comment.');
+ }
+ });
+ }
+
+ function deleteComment(id) {
+ $.ajax({
+ type: 'POST',
+ url: opts.deleteCommentURL,
+ data: {id: id},
+ success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+ var div = $('#cd' + id);
+ if (data == 'delete') {
+ // Moderator mode: remove the comment and all children immediately
+ div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+ div.remove();
+ });
+ return;
+ }
+ // User mode: only mark the comment as deleted
+ div
+ .find('span.user-id:first')
+ .text('[deleted]').end()
+ .find('div.comment-text:first')
+ .text('[deleted]').end()
+ .find('#cm' + id + ', #dc' + id + ', #ac' + id + ', #rc' + id +
+ ', #sp' + id + ', #hp' + id + ', #cr' + id + ', #rl' + id)
+ .remove();
+ var comment = div.data('comment');
+ comment.username = '[deleted]';
+ comment.text = '[deleted]';
+ div.data('comment', comment);
+ },
+ error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+ showError('Oops, there was a problem deleting the comment.');
+ }
+ });
+ }
+
+ function showProposal(id) {
+ $('#sp' + id).hide();
+ $('#hp' + id).show();
+ $('#pr' + id).slideDown('fast');
+ }
+
+ function hideProposal(id) {
+ $('#hp' + id).hide();
+ $('#sp' + id).show();
+ $('#pr' + id).slideUp('fast');
+ }
+
+ function showProposeChange(id) {
+ $('#pc' + id).hide();
+ $('#hc' + id).show();
+ var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+ textarea.val(textarea.data('source'));
+ $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea[0]);
+ textarea.slideDown('fast');
+ }
+
+ function hideProposeChange(id) {
+ $('#hc' + id).hide();
+ $('#pc' + id).show();
+ var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+ textarea.val('').removeAttr('disabled');
+ textarea.slideUp('fast');
+ }
+
+ function toggleCommentMarkupBox(id) {
+ $('#mb' + id).toggle();
+ }
+
+ /** Handle when the user clicks on a sort by link. */
+ function handleReSort(link) {
+ var classes = link.attr('class').split(/\s+/);
+ for (var i=0; iThank you! Your comment will show up '
+ + 'once it is has been approved by a moderator.');
+ }
+ // Prettify the comment rating.
+ comment.pretty_rating = comment.rating + ' point' +
+ (comment.rating == 1 ? '' : 's');
+ // Make a class (for displaying not yet moderated comments differently)
+ comment.css_class = comment.displayed ? '' : ' moderate';
+ // Create a div for this comment.
+ var context = $.extend({}, opts, comment);
+ var div = $(renderTemplate(commentTemplate, context));
+
+ // If the user has voted on this comment, highlight the correct arrow.
+ if (comment.vote) {
+ var direction = (comment.vote == 1) ? 'u' : 'd';
+ div.find('#' + direction + 'v' + comment.id).hide();
+ div.find('#' + direction + 'u' + comment.id).show();
+ }
+
+ if (opts.moderator || comment.text != '[deleted]') {
+ div.find('a.reply').show();
+ if (comment.proposal_diff)
+ div.find('#sp' + comment.id).show();
+ if (opts.moderator && !comment.displayed)
+ div.find('#cm' + comment.id).show();
+ if (opts.moderator || (opts.username == comment.username))
+ div.find('#dc' + comment.id).show();
+ }
+ return div;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * A simple template renderer. Placeholders such as <%id%> are replaced
+ * by context['id'] with items being escaped. Placeholders such as <#id#>
+ * are not escaped.
+ */
+ function renderTemplate(template, context) {
+ var esc = $(document.createElement('div'));
+
+ function handle(ph, escape) {
+ var cur = context;
+ $.each(ph.split('.'), function() {
+ cur = cur[this];
+ });
+ return escape ? esc.text(cur || "").html() : cur;
+ }
+
+ return template.replace(/<([%#])([\w\.]*)\1>/g, function() {
+ return handle(arguments[2], arguments[1] == '%' ? true : false);
+ });
+ }
+
+ /** Flash an error message briefly. */
+ function showError(message) {
+ $(document.createElement('div')).attr({'class': 'popup-error'})
+ .append($(document.createElement('div'))
+ .attr({'class': 'error-message'}).text(message))
+ .appendTo('body')
+ .fadeIn("slow")
+ .delay(2000)
+ .fadeOut("slow");
+ }
+
+ /** Add a link the user uses to open the comments popup. */
+ $.fn.comment = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr('id').substring(1);
+ var count = COMMENT_METADATA[id];
+ var title = count + ' comment' + (count == 1 ? '' : 's');
+ var image = count > 0 ? opts.commentBrightImage : opts.commentImage;
+ var addcls = count == 0 ? ' nocomment' : '';
+ $(this)
+ .append(
+ $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+ href: '#',
+ 'class': 'sphinx-comment-open' + addcls,
+ id: 'ao' + id
+ })
+ .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+ src: image,
+ alt: 'comment',
+ title: title
+ }))
+ .click(function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ show($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ })
+ )
+ .append(
+ $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+ href: '#',
+ 'class': 'sphinx-comment-close hidden',
+ id: 'ah' + id
+ })
+ .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+ src: opts.closeCommentImage,
+ alt: 'close',
+ title: 'close'
+ }))
+ .click(function(event) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+ })
+ );
+ });
+ };
+
+ var opts = {
+ processVoteURL: '/_process_vote',
+ addCommentURL: '/_add_comment',
+ getCommentsURL: '/_get_comments',
+ acceptCommentURL: '/_accept_comment',
+ deleteCommentURL: '/_delete_comment',
+ commentImage: '/static/_static/comment.png',
+ closeCommentImage: '/static/_static/comment-close.png',
+ loadingImage: '/static/_static/ajax-loader.gif',
+ commentBrightImage: '/static/_static/comment-bright.png',
+ upArrow: '/static/_static/up.png',
+ downArrow: '/static/_static/down.png',
+ upArrowPressed: '/static/_static/up-pressed.png',
+ downArrowPressed: '/static/_static/down-pressed.png',
+ voting: false,
+ moderator: false
+ };
+
+ if (typeof COMMENT_OPTIONS != "undefined") {
+ opts = jQuery.extend(opts, COMMENT_OPTIONS);
+ }
+
+ var popupTemplate = '\
+
The XO laptop is an educational tool designed to be put into the hands of every child. By using free and open source software and world-wide software development efforts, OLPC has championed XOs for delivery around the world in multiple languages.
+
+
+
In a classroom in Peru
+
+
The XO runs free and open software, Sugar, which allows anyone to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Many people contributing to OLPC believe that these freedoms are critical to fulfilling OLPC’s educational goals.
+
When you open the XO, you will see the high-resolution, easy-to-read screen that works even in direct sunlight. You can also flip the XO into a book reader mode. The XO is designed to take outdoors and it even survives the rough-and-tumble daily lives that children lead.
+
We hope you learn more about the XO laptop by reading these pages, so that you can learn more with the XO laptop.
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So you've made some creative work, found a Wikimedia project page that it can improve, registered an account and logged in. Time to start uploading!
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= Connected
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= Not yet connected
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Next, hold down all four gamepad keys above the power button, and then push the power button to turn the XO on. You will see a message that tells you to "Release the game key to continue". Do not continue until you see this message.
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+
+
\ + Sort by:\ + best rated\ + newest\ + oldest\ +
\ +\ +
Add a comment\ + (markup):
\ +